NOTES & REFERENCES:

  1. 12 May 2000 - Written Answer to Question by Norman Baker MP.

  2. "The Morning Star", April 10, 2001, reports that Lockheed Martin (who are developing the Space Based Infra Red System for the US Star Wars programme) are accused of defrauding the Pentagon of $60 m.

  3. From: "The Unsinkable Aircraft Carrier" by Duncan Campbell, pub Michael Joseph, London 1984.

  4. "Phone Tappers and the Security State" by Duncan Campbell, pp 54-55, New Statesman, 1981

  5. See "BT condemned for listing cables to US sigint station", by Duncan Campbell, 4 Sept 1997 at www.gn.apc.org/duncan/menwith.htm and also Questions by Max Madden MP and Bob Cryer MP in House of Commons - Hansard for 18, 20 Nov 1991 and 16 Jun and 9 Jul 1992.

  6. "The Unsinkable Aircraft Carrier" by Duncan Campbell, pub Michael Joseph, London 1984.

  7. See "Phone Tappers and the Security State" by Duncan Campbell, pp 54-55, New Statesman, 1981

  8. In "The Hill" broadcast by Channel 4 as part of the "Dispatches" documentary series, October 1993.

  9. "Interception Capabilities 2000 - The state of the art in Communications Intelligence (COMINT) of automated processing for intelligence purposes of intercepted broadband multi-language leased or common carrier systems, and its applicability to COMINT targeting and selection, including speech recognition" by Duncan Campbell - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/mhs/ic2000/ic2000.htm.

  10. "Space collection", in The US Intelligence Community (fourth edition), Jeffrey Richelson, Westview, Boulder, Colorado, 1999.

  11. Duncan Campbell, evidence given to York Crown Court for the appeal of Helen John and Anne Lee, 5 September, 1997.

  12. See: the international campaign against Echelon Global System: EchelonWatch - www.aclu.org/echelonwatch/index.html.

  13. "They've got it taped - Somebody's listening" by Duncan Campbell, New Statesman article of 12 August 1988 - www.gn.apc.org/duncan/echelon-dc.htm.

  14. "Secret Power" by Nicky Hager - www.fas.org/irp/eprint/sp/sp_c2.htm - see also"Exposing the Global Surveillance System" by Nicky Hager in CovertAction Quarterly - on the discovery of the Echelon Dictionary, used at Menwith Hill - http://caq.com/CAQ/CAQ59GlobalSnoop.html.

  15. The European Parliament STOA report "An Appraisal of Technologies of Political Control" - 6 January 1998 can be found at: http://mprofaca.cronet.com/atpc2.html.

  16. "The spy in your server", by Duncan Campbell, Guardian Online, 10 August 2000, www.guardianunlimited.co.uk/online/story/0,3605,352394,00.html.

  17. Ibid.

  18. Bob Cryer's final speech to the House of Commons: www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/mhs/bobcryer.htm.

  19. "Echelon was my baby", interview with Ekstra Bladet, 21 Dec 1999, can be found on www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echelon1.htm.

  20. "The new space invaders", 21 Feb 2000, see: www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspce/articles/echelon6.htm and "Thatcher linked to spy orders on ministers" press report from 24th February 2000 - http://www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/ford.htm

  21. "60 Minutes on Echelon - Transcript" - 27 Feb 2000, see: www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echelon9.htm.

  22. "Global spy network revealed, Listening in to your phone calls and reading your emails", by Andrew Bomford, 2 Nov 1999, see: www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echelon0.htm.

  23. "Critics Questioning NSA Reading Habits - Politicians Ask if Agency Sweeps In Private Data" - by Vernon Loeb, Washington Post Staff Writer, 13 Nov 1999 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echelon4.htm.

  24. "Loud and Clear - The most secret of secret agencies operates under outdated laws" by James Bamford, 14 Nov 1999 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echel2.htm.

  25. "New Technology for the NSA" by Suelette Dreyfus, The Independent (UK), 15 Nov 1999 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echel.htm.

  26. See: "Intelligence Bill Targets NSA, Echelon Upgrades" by Daniel Verton, 20 Nov 1999 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echelon.htm.

  27. "They Spy on Ordinary People" interview with Duncan Campbell by Bo Elkjær and Kenan Seeberg, 21 Dec 1999 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echelon3.htm.

  28. European Parliament STOA report "An Appraisal of Technologies of Political Control" - 6th January 1998 - see: http://mprofaca.cronet.com/atpc2.html.

  29. "The state of the art in Communications Intelligence (COMINT) … " by Duncan Campbell - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/mhs/ic2000/ic2000.htm.

  30. See: "France attacks Britain over Echelon" by Richard Barry and Will Knight, 13 Oct 2000 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echelon3.htm and "France blasts Britain over Echelon" 15 Oct 2000 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echelon6.htm.

  31. See "EU assembly set to launch "spy" system inquiry" by Yves Clarisse, 27 March 2000 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echelon10.htm and "EU Commission and EU Council to be questioned on Echelon spy system", 28 March 2000 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echelon11.htm.

  32. See: "Info update on right to privacy within the European Union" - 22 June 2000 (6 items) - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/euro.htm.

  33. "German MEP files complaints against 'Echelon'", by Rick Perera, 19 Oct 2000 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echelon8.htm.

  34. "Echelon: Spying Chain's Cover Blown" by Alan Perrott, Independent, 7 June 2001 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echelon20.htm.

  35. A copy of the draft (780 kB PDF file), dated 18 May 2001, is posted at: www.fas.org/irp/program/process/prechelon_en.pdf.

  36. See: "Worldwide spying network revealed" by Stuart Millar, Richard Norton-Taylor and Ian Black, The Guardian - 26 May 2001 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echelon19.htm.

  37. "Echelon: Spying Chain's Cover Blown" by Alan Perrott, Independent, 7 June 2001 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echelon20.htm.

  38. "ECHELON Violates Human Rights Treaties", From: Nizkor Int. Human Rights Team, Derechos Human Rights, Serpaj Europe - 10 June 2001 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echelon22.htm.

  39. Posted at: http://www.heise.de/tp/deutsch/special/ech/7747/1.html.

  40. Posted at: www.heise.de/tp/deutsch/special/ech/7752/1.html.

  41. Posted at: www.heise.de/tp/deutsch/special/ech/7748/1.html.

  42. "US Steps Up Commercial Spying, Washington gives companies an advantage in information", by Robert Windrem, 7 May 2000 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/spying.htm.

  43. Ibid.

  44. "The new Cold War: How America spies on us for its oldest friend - the Dollar" by Duncan Campbell and Paul Lashmar, The Independent on Sunday - 2 July 2000, www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/echelon12.htm.

  45. Ibid.

  46. Ibid.

  47. Ibid.

  48. See also "From Data Tapping to Missile Tracking - Star Wars Strikes Back" by Duncan Campbell, The Guardian, 2 December 1998 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/swars.htm.

  49. "Former CIA Director Says US Economic Spying Targets "European Bribery" by Duncan Campbell, 12 March 2000, www/gn/apc/org/cndyorks/yspace/articles/bribery.htm.

  50. "US secret agents work at Microsoft: French intelligence", Sydney Morning Herald 18 Feb 2000 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/msoft.htm.

  51. "From Data Tapping to Missile Tracking - Star Wars Strikes Back" by Duncan Campbell, The Guardian, 3 Dec 1998 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/swars.htm.

  52. See www.caab.org.uk, and
    "Constructing SBIRS at Menwith in pictures" - http://www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/caab/sbirs.htm.

  53. See: "US Bases in this country are being used to protect America, not Britain - They're not defending our realm" Comment & Analysis by Richard Norton-Taylor, the Guardian,18 November 1999 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/articles/writ2.htm and "The Secret of Menwith Hill", Channel 4 News, by Justin Rowlatt, Broadcast, 7 Dec, 1999 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/channel4.htm.

  54. See for example "US builds 'son of star wars' at RAF base" by Jonathon Carr-Brown - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/writ3.htm, and "You thought the nuclear arms race was over? Think again", The Independent on Sunday 21 Nov 1999 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/writ4.htm.

  55. More details on SBIRS at the Federation of American Scientists web site - www.fas.org/spp/military/program/warning/sbir.htm or the SBIRS home page - http://www.losangeles.af.mil/SMC/MT/sbirs.htm.

  56. See: www.spacecom.af.mil/usspace/speeches.htm.

  57. "Uncle Sam's Eavesdroppers" by Richard Sadler, a film for BBC North's Close Up North, was broadcast in the north of England on 3 December on BBC2, see also: "From Data Tapping to Missile Tracking - Star Wars Strikes Back" by Duncan Campbell, The Guardian 3 Dec 1998 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/swars.htm.

  58. See CAAB Newsletter No. 15, Nov 2000 - www.gn.apc.org/caab/newsletters/cab15inf.htm#sbirs.

  59. For up to date information see CAAB Newsletters and web-site - wwwcaab.org.uk.

  60. See: www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/acryer.htm.

  61. See: "Secret Target - Son of Star Wars Puts Yorkshire in Front Line" By Helen Hutchison, Yorkshire Evening Post, 2 Feb 2001 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/starget.htm.

  62. More details on this issue from the Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space - www.space4peace.org.

  63. Christine Dean - a founder member of OPAG - holds very interesting and comprehensive archives of the protest at MHS up to the demise of OPAG in 1992/3.

  64. Details of the Women's Peace Camp are taken from articles supplied by Anne Lee, some of which are posted on the internet at www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/mhs/wpc/wpcmhs.htm.

  65. The camp was evicted on August 18th 1999 - see press release of 14 July 1999 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/eviction.htm.

  66. Regular gatherings are organized by the Women's Campaign - see www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/mhs/wpc/wpcmhs.htm.

  67. Ibid.

  68. Minister for Armed Forces (Mr Soames) in a written answer to a question put by Max Madden MP, House of Commons Hansard, 13 May 1996.

  69. The full Judgment can be viewed at: www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/caab/judge/barry.htm.

  70. Full Judgment at: www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/caab/judge/woolf.htm.

  71. Full Judgment at: www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/caab/judge/crabt1.htm.

  72. See "Rifkind bans disclosures on spy base" by Richard Norton-Taylor, The Guardian, 13 March, 1995 - the Certificate can be viewed at: www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/caab/judge/rifkind.htm.

  73. See also "The Unsinkable Aircraft Carrier" by Duncan Campbell, pub Michael Joseph, London 1984.

  74. Full Judgment at: www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/mhs/crabt.htm.

  75. See: www.gn.apc.org/duncan/menwith.htm.

  76. Full Judgment at www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/mhs/buxton-collins.htm.

  77. See: "Cleared - but now Convicted", Yorkshire, Evening Post 23 Jan 1999 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/fmhs/wpc/wpcinfo.htm#news6 and other items on www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/mhs/wpc/wpcmhs.htm.

  78. Full Judgment at: www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/caab/judge/carnwath.htm.

  79. In a letter of 9 March to Anne Lee - for a copy see www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/mhs/wpc/wpcps.htm.

  80. See CAAB Newsletter 16 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/caab/newsletters/cab16.htm.

  81. See also: "Peer backs right to stage flag protests", Eastern Daily Press, 22 May 2001 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/caab/articles/miller.htm and "Fighting apathy can land you in a show trial" by David Hare, Daily Telegraph, 22 May 2001 - www.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/showtrial.htm.

  82. See www.menwithhill.com.

  83. See www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/caab/Newsletters/CAAB8INF.HTM#bigb

  84. See report and more pictures at www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/caab/m4report.htm.

  85. For details see CAAB newsletters or web-site www.caab.org,uk.

  86. See report on 4 July 2000 demonstration at www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/caab/articles/july400.htm.

  87. See report on www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/m4/report.htm.

  88. See reports on www.globenet.free-online.co.uk/gnoct7.htm.

  89. See press release at www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/yspace/articles/disalarmed.htm.

  90. See "Peace Campaigners Fight to Save Flowers", Yorkshire Evening Post 25 July 1998 and "Duo's struggle for base orchids", Yorkshire Evening Post, August 17 2000 - at www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/mhs/wpc/yep17800.htm.

  91. See www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/mhs/wpc/orchids.htm.

  92. See article at www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/mhs/wpc/wa22600.htm.

  93. See www.gn.apc.org/yorkscnd/yspace/articles/radarprotests.htm.

  94. See BBC report and press releases by Menwith Hill Women's Peace Campaign and Trident Ploughshares "Harsh Prison Sentence for Blair Opposition Candidate" at www.gn.apc.org/yorkscnd/news/articles/helenjohn.htm.

  95. Ibid.

  96. See report at www.globenet.free-online.co.uk/reports/gn01.htm.

  97. For details of the conference, including papers presented, see www.peacevision.org.uk.

  98. More details on SBIRS at the Federation of American Scientists web site - http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/warning/sbir.htm

  99. “US ‘negation’ policy in space raises concerns abroad” by Loring Wirbel, EETimes, May 22, 2003

  100. Reported in “Space is the Ultimate High Ground” by A.J. Boser, Air Force News, June 4 2003

  101. For more information on this see the web-site of Federation of American Scientists - http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/operate/ds/signals.htm#N_9_ - accessed July 1 2003

  102. “The Justice Game", Geoffrey Robertson, Chapter 5, Chatto and Windus, London, 1998. The MHS in-house magazine “Station Break” reported that the Chief of Station at the time, William E. Kennedy, had collected a ‘Director’s Unit Award’ for support to the ‘Desert Shield/Desert Storm’ operation.

  103. "Invasion Tip," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 6 August 1990, page 15.

  104. Gertz, Bill, "US Breathes Easier as it Spots Iraq's Jamming Gear," The Washington Times, 9 October 1990, page A8.

  105. Smith, Jeffrey, "Iraqis Learning to Use Captured US Missiles," The Washington Post, 21 October 1990, page A1, A28

  106. Gertz, Bill, "Russian Voices Directing Iraqis," The Washington Times, 13 February 1991, page 1.

  107. "Scud Launch Procedures May Hold Key to Defeat of Mobile Missiles," Aerospace Daily, 28 January 1991, page 149-150.

  108. "The Battle Damage Assessment Challenge," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 4 February 1991, page 9.

  109. Mossberg, Walter, "US Aides Await Bomb Damage Report In Considering Early Ground Offensive," The Wall Street Journal, 4 February 1991, page A12.

  110. Moore, Molly, "Bombing Damage Hard to Assess," The Washington Post, 7 February 1991, page A21

  111. Gertz, Bill, "Soviets Giving Aid to Iraqis, US Says," The Washington Times, 4 February 1991

  112. Tyler, Patrick, "US Strength in Gulf May Rise by 100,000," The Washington Post, 26 October 1990, page A1, A32. The source of this information is not disclosed, but signals intelligence satellites are used to collect just this type of information - it is not clear what other intelligence source could do this.

  113. Barry, John, "What Really Happened," Newsweek, 25 February 1991, page 20.

  114. Gordon, Michael, "US Calls Target a Command Center," The New York Times, 14 February 1991, page 17.

  115. "Washington Wire," The Wall Street Journal, 15 February 1991, page 1.

  116. Cody, Edward, "Allied Test Joint Land, Sea, Air Assaults," The Washington Post, 17 February 1991, page A29, A30.

  117. Mathews, Tom, et al,"The Secret History of the War," Newsweek, 18 March 1991, page 28-39

  118. “Australia’s Secret War”, by Philip Dorling, The Diplomat, Oct-Nov 2002

  119. As reported in The Daily Times, March 4, 2003

  120. As reported in the Colorado Springs Gazette, 13 April 2003

  121. As reported in the Santa Barbara News of 23 April 2003

  122. “Without space, we’re back to World War II”, by Nora Wallace, Santa Barbara News, 23 April 2003

  123. For information on future actions & events contact:
    Yorkshire CND - +44 (0)1274-730795 - www.yorkshirecnd.org.uk;
    CAAB - +44 (0)1943-466405 - www.caab.org.uk and/or
    The Women's Peace Campaign -+44 (0)1943-466825 - www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org/mhs/wpcmhs.htm.

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