Part One - Evidence of Careenings of The Globe / b

Reappearance of Organic Matter in Clays

THAT vegetation which is blotted out beneath the glaciers of an ice age reappears in the clay beds which have been formed by the silt and other matter carried by summer streams flowing beneath some of the glaciers. This burden of various kinds of matter carried by flowing waters is deposited on the bottoms of lakes and rivers when the velocities and carrying capacities of the waters have been lowered or reduced to zero.

Clays are partly derived from vegetation, many of them possessing considerable percentages of organic matter. This appears in colloidal particles from less than .002 millimeters in diameter down to sub microscopic. They are the parts of the clays which absorb moisture, and all bear a negative electrical charge when in contact with water, thus showing a certain relationship to cellulose and carbon, both of which are also vegetable matter and acquire negative charges when in contact with water.

The organic matter in clays has been generally attributed to animalculae, algae, and microscopic growths; but tropical forests were another available source of the organic matter found in some of the clay beds developing at the edges of glaciers in former ice ages such as the five which recently prevailed in northern North America and similar to the ice age now embalming Antarctica and Greenland with glaciers.

Each time the globe has careened, tropical land areas, covered with vegetation and forests, have moved to the polar regions. Theoretically, the vegetation must have become crushed and pulped into colloidal particles by the weight and movement of the overlying ice masses. The lower varves will correspond to the earlier years of the epochs during which they were laid down; the upper layers will similarly correspond to the later years of the same epochs. More organic or vegetable matter will be found in the lower varves and less in the upper varves. Research on the structures of clays may eventually enable us to identify some of the organic matter as having come from crushed forests.

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Proofs of the theory that vegetation covered the land when the ice cap first commenced to form should evolve from further study of the varves in the clay beds at Hackensack, N.J., Wrenshall, Minn., and elsewhere.

It is natural to assume that such vegetation, when crushed and ground into colloidal particles, would float in the waters underneath the glaciers, and would thus be carried off and deposited as basic elements of the clay beds. As the limited amount of vegetation was thus disposed of, there must have been less and less available, so that the upper and later varves of the clay beds should show less organic and more mineral silt; the lower or earlier varves, on the other hand, should show more cellulose or organic matter in proportion to the inorganic materials.

Much carbon generally believed to be of organic origin is found in the oldest rocks, classed as Pre Cambrian; but here it is generally found in an amorphous condition, and this may be postulated as having been caused by the pressures and attritions to which the organic materials were subjected. For example, rocks of the Laurentian Shield of Canada are classed as Precambrian because of the lack of "guide fossils," and for no other major reason. They reveal the scouring of the ice cap of the Ice Age that followed the Life Age which had developed the organic materials ground to a pulp by the ice masses. Carbon appears in some of the black shales of the Lake Superior region. That area was so far inland that the glaciers apparently did not have a chance to purge themselves of the carbon by emptying it into the oceans, as they did to the east, north, and south.

The organic materials of the Laurentian Shield have become so crushed and reduced in the tillage that few organic forms can be identified in those rocks. It is probable that the same kind of pulpification of the tillage is in process, right now, at the bottom of the Antarctic Ice Cap described later under the section on POLAR regions and it is questionable whether any guide fossils will be found in the rocks that form the floor of the ice bowl of the Antarctic Ice Cap.

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Under the presently accepted theory the rock floor of that ice cap should therefore automatically be classified as Precambrian, due to lack of guide fossils on its surface areas.

Georges Cuvier of France and William Smith of England announced their independent discoveries, at the close of the eighteenth century and beginning of the nineteenth, to the effect that each stratum of the earth contains fossils peculiar to itself, and that the successive earth layers can be classified accordingly and to some extent dated as to age.

Cuvier found bones of mammoths and of many other extinct prehistoric species of life, and also of many extant species, in the different underground layers of the earth in the environs of Paris. He revealed that a typical series of successively created earth strata shows:

earth layer with fresh water shells, indicating that a lake had once existed there;
earth layer with marine shells, indicating that the area bad once been part of the ocean bed;
earth layer with fresh water shells; earth layer or marl;
earth layer with marine shells; earth layer of clay no shells;
earth layer of chalk, formed from skeletons of globigerina, which once lived in the ocean.

Cuvier saw with his own eyes and reported the effects of cataclysms in the formations of the layers of the earth. He found that the changes brought about had been sudden, without gradation. He looked for a possible cause and referred to the successive catastrophic changes as revolutions of the earth. He conjectured that the North Pole once had been in the area of the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii).

Page 69

Since Cuvier’s days geophysical discoveries of major importance have been made; they include:

The Antarctic Continent	1820
Ice Ages	ca. 1845
Wobble of the Globe	ca. 1885
South Pole Ice Cap	Recent
Continuous Growth of Ice Cap	New
Continuous Creation of Earth Materials by Photosynthesis	New

Much of the mystery previously connected with earth strata, and the problem why successive types of fossils appear therein, are fully explained when these new discoveries are added to those reported by Cuvier.

A communication from the Chief, Paleontology and Stratigraphy Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, states:

"The paleontological collections of the U.S. Geological Survey verify that in some localities in the United States and its territories rock strata containing alternating horizons of marine and non marine fossils do occur."

Again the usefulness of identifying the different species of fossils in each earth stratum is emphasized for horizon markers, (Geological term: deposits of certain period, identified by fossils present.) and lists of fossils are given for each formation, by W. M. Winton and W. S. Adkins in University of Texas Bulletin, No. 1931, June 1, 1939. They state: "Some fossils appear in recurrent zones, that is, zones between which the fossils in question have never been found."

Atlantis - Plato’s legendary land - receives a theoretical validation by the discovery of fresh water types of diatoms at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. Geologists of the Riksmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden, have examined cores taken from the sea bottom of the tropical Atlantic Mid Ridge, about 12,000 feet below sea level, and have identified algae exclusively of freshwater origin; this is proof that this area with its fresh water lake in which the diatoms lived was once above sea level.

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The change in altitude is postulated to have occurred about 7,000 years ago, when the great Sudan Basin Ice Cap, which grew at the North Pole of Figure of the last previous epoch, reached maturity and was moved to the tropics. The fresh water lake land with its diatoms was at that time rolled around to its present tropical underwater position on the globe. The former position of this lake land is determined by its distance from the great Sudan Basin of Africa, which, as we have seen, is a telltale depression in the land created by the weight of the North Pole Ice Cap of that epoch.

In theory, this lake land area was formerly positioned on the globe, in relation to the last previous North Pole of Figure, at about where the State of Oregon is now located in relation to the present North Pole of Figure. It was transposed from about 44 N. Latitude and 120 W. Longitude to where it is now located at about 14 N. Latitude and 30 W. Longitude. It was moved into the bulge of the earth at a latitude where the ocean level is about four miles higher than it was at its previous latitude (four miles further from the center of the earth); thus, quite naturally, it is now under water.

Cores from the ocean bottoms, recently taken in the Arctic and the southeastern Pacific Oceans, have been dated by radium chemical analyses (table) :

ARCTIC OCEAN BOTTOM CORES V. N. Saks			PACIFIC OCEAN BOTTOM CORES Jack L. Hough

Horizon number	Contains foraminifera (small marine life)	Elapsed time from present (thousands of years)	Horizon number	Elapsed Time from Present (thousands of years)

1	Yes	9-10	1	11
2	No	9-10, 18-20	2	15
3	Yes	18-20, 28-32	3	26
4	No	28-32, 45	4	37
5	Yes	45-50	5	51
6	No	over 50	6	64

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(Saks, Below and Lapina in Our Present Concepts of the Geology of the Central Arctic, translated from Russian, in publication T 196 R, Defense Research Board, Canada; and Jack L. Hough in Journal of Geology, May 1953, No. 3. )

The Russian scientists list alternating horizons as cold and warm. Numbers 2 4 6 are listed as cold. Numbers 3 and 5 are listed as warm. This is followed by the assumption that when the climate was warm foraminifera were present and when cold the foraminifera were absent in the core sections. This is obviously an erroneous assumption, because foraminifera are reported present in horizon No. 1 and we know that the climate is now cold.

Commenting on the lowest horizon reached (No. 6 ), they state "It seems that . . . a considerable part of the Arctic Shelf was dry land." The absence of foraminifera in certain sections of the cores indicates that the areas were not, at that time underwater. Foraminifera are found in both warm and cold waters. A dry climate, with sparse rainfall is indicated for the core sections without foraminifera, because the arctic area is surrounded by continents.

Many scientific papers have contained reports of the different kinds of foraminifera growing in cold and in warm ocean waters. Their presence in the successive strata, found in cross sections of cores taken from the sea bottoms, helps to identify the successive cold and warm sequences of former life at a particular location.

Alternating horizons of the earth’s strata with marine and non marine fossils are not peculiar to arctic regions but are observed in many regions. Drilling, mine shafts, and ravaged cliff sides in many random locations have disclosed marine and non marine strata in alternating layers, and also alternating cold and warm climate fossils, indicating recurrent relocations of latitude and longitude for all areas of the earth’s surface. For example, the ratio of Oxygen 18 to Oxygen 16 in calcium carbonate (CaC0³), globogerinaidae shells, is a function of water temperatures at the time of the growth of the sea shells a sort of geological thermometer.

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A communication from Captain Charles W. Thomas, (now rear admiral retired, U.S. Coast Guard), a noted ice navigator of both the antarctic and arctic regions, states that cores taken from the ocean bottom off the coast of Antarctica and examined by him lead him to conclude that the South Pole Ice Cap is not of great antiquity, but that it is a recent phenomenon, its age being no more than a few thousand years.

The cores showed the ocean bottom to have been formed in layers. The top layer contains cold water radiolarians and deposition of ice transported sediments. Below that layer is a layer from which the cold water diatoms are missing; but they occur again in a lower layer.

The repetitive occurrences, in alternate layers, of approximately the same fossil materials in the earth’s strata disclosed by borings made at different places on the earth’s surface confirms the theory of the successive careenings of the globe. Comparing fossils of fresh water and salt water foraminifera, diatoms and algae furnishes clues to the conditions under which each horizon of the strata was formed.

The fossils found in successive earth strata testify to the fact that the layers of earth under any particular land area of the present time have been located during former epochs at many different places relative to the axis of rotation of the earth; the fossils show that these earth strata have been both ocean beds and upland areas in successive epochs, and they also confirm the fact that life existed in tropical, temperate, and cold climates as evidenced by the successive strata.

The fossils testify to the rotation of the earth on successive random Axes of Figure because the variations exhibited by the fossils in the successive layers indicate changes in climate as well as changes from upland to marine locations, and vice versa; and the combination of a change in climate and of a change to or from a marine location can be accounted for only by a change in the location of the Axis of Figure of the earth.

Page 73

The following tabulation is the driller’s record of the deep boring at Spur Ranch, near Rotan, in Fisher County,

Texas. It is taken from an article by J. A. Uddin in No. 365 of The University of Texas Bulletin, Scientific Series 28, 1914. The drilling was carefully supervised for the purpose of getting a typical picture of the earth conditions underlying a spot selected at random.

	Feet below surface:	From	To	Thickness


1.	Brown soil	0	2	12
2.	White porous material	2	6	4
3.	Yellow sand	6	16	10
4.	Sand and gravel, water	16	23	7
5.	Hard concrete of light color	23	27	4
6.	Tough red clay	27	53	26
7.	Hard concrete	53	65	12
8.	Isinglass (selenite) and red clay	65	75	10
9.	Hard, flinty rock	75	85	10
10.	Red clay and red sand rock	85	98	13
11.	White chalky rock	98	101	3
12.	Isinglass (selenite)	101	108	7
13.	Red clay and red sand rock	108	115	7
14.	Isinglass (selenite)	115	119	4
15.	Red sand rock, thick streak of red clay	119	135	16
16.	Red clay, thin streak of blue clay	135	137	2
17.	Red clay and sand rock	137	149	12
18.	Red clay and isinglass (selenite)	149	153	4
19.	Red sand and clay	153	192	39
20.	Isinglass (selenite)	192	199	7
21.	Red gumbo	199	221	22
22.	Isinglass (selenite) and gypsum	221	223	2
23.	Red gumbo	223	239	16
24.	Isinglass (selenite)	239	254	15
25.	Soft red sand rock	254	272	18
26.	Soft red clay	272	285	13
27.	White flinty rock and isinglass (selenite)	285	298	13
28.	Sand, salt water	298	330	32
29.	White flinty rock	330	403	73
30.	Red sand rock	403	468	65
31.	Hard gray sand, and red sand	468	532	64
32.	Soft white clay	532	538	6

33.	White hard flinty rock	538	540	2
34.	White tough rock	540	568	28
35.	Hard white flinty rock	568	570	2
36.	Salt rock	570	580	10
37.	Brown sand rock	580	586	6
38.	Hard white flinty rock	586	596	10
39.	Brown sand rock	596	603	7
40.	Tough white rock	603	624	21
41.	Hard white flinty rock	624	628	4
42.	Hard brown sand rock	628	633	5
43.	Salt rock- No sample	633	638	5
44.	Light soft rock	638	645	7
45.	Hard sand rock	645	674	29
46.	Notes wanting	674	688	14
47.	Hard sand rock	688	715	27
48.	Soft sand rock	715	725	10
49.	Soft white rock, hard in streaks	725	732	7
50.	Salt rock	732	741	9
51.	Hard concrete sand rock	741	773	32
52.	White flinty rock	773	778	5
53.	Concrete sand rock	778	804	26
54.	Sand rock and red gumbo	804	812	8
55.	White flinty rock	812	816	4
56.	Red sand rock	816	853	37
57.	White flinty rock	853	858	5
58.	Red sand rock	858	931	73
59.	Hard blue rock	931	932	1
60.	Notes wanting	932	958	26
61.	Red sand rock	958	1113	155
62.	Gray lime	1113	1117	4
63.	Red sand rock	1117	1123	6
64.	Gray lime rock	1123	1125	2
65.	Red sand rock	1125	1174	49
66.	Soft white rock	1174	1222	48
67.	Gray lime rock	1229	1235	13
68.	Soft white rock	1235	1250	15
69.	Hard gray rock	1250	1252	2
70.	Hard limestone	1252	1270	18
71.	Very hard lime rock	1270	1272	2
72.	Hard limestone	1272	1302	30
73.	Very hard limestone	1302	1309	7
74.	Hard limestone	1309	1313	4
75.	Hard blue rock	1313	1327	14
76.	Hard limestone	1327	1335	8
77.	Blue rock	1335	1337	2
78.	Hard limestone	1337	1341	4
79.	Somewhat soft limestone	1341	1347	6
80.	Very hard limestone	1347	1349	2
81.	Lime and blue rock	1349	1364	15
82.	Hard lime rock	1364	1370	6
83.	Blue lime rock	1370	1376	6
84.	Hard lime rock	1376	1390	14
85.	Limestone	1390	1391	1
86.	Hard limestone	1391	1397	6
87.	Hard limestone with soft blue streaks	1397	1403	6
88.	Hard limestone	1403	1419	16
89.	Lime rock	1419	1425	6
90.	Hard lime rock with soft streaks	1425	1433	8
91.	Hard lime rock	1433	1454	21
92.	Hard lime rock with soft streaks	1454	1461	7
93.	Hard limestone	1461	1478	17
94.	Very hard rock	1478	1483	5
95.	Hard rock	1483	1502	19
96.	Sand, rock fossils	1502	1503	1
97.	Blue rock	1503	1506	3
98.	Sand, lime, and blue rock	1506	1510	4
99.	Hard blue rock	1510	1514	4
100.	Blue and gray rock	1514	1520	6
101.	Hard gray rock	1520	1523	3
102.	Very hard gray rock	1523	1525	2
103.	Hard gray rock	1525	1538	13
104.	Blue and gray sand rock	1538	1546	8
105.	Blue sandy and slaty rock	1546	1551	5
106.	Blue sandy rock	1551	1554	3
107.	Hard gray rock	1554	1555	1
108.	Gray and blue hard rock	1555	1558	3
109.	Hard gray rock	1558	1560	2
110.	Hard gray and blue rock	1560	1563	3
111.	Very hard gray rock	1563	1575	12
112.	Very hard gray flinty rock	1575	1579	4
113.	Gray, blue, and yellow rock	1579	1581	2
114.	Hard blue rock	1581	1595	14
115.	Gray and blue rock	1595	1599	4
116.	Blue rock	1599	1600	1
117.	Hard gray rock	1600	1619	19
118.	Gray and blue rock	1619	1631	12
119.	Hard blue rock	1631	1639	8
120.	Hard blue and gray rock	1639	1645	6
121.	Hard gray rock	1645	1651	6
122.	Very hard gray rock	1651	1655	4
123.	Hard gray rock	1655	1668	13
124.	Blue and gray rock	1668	1676	8
125.	Hard blue rock	1676	1688	12
126.	Gray and blue rock	1688	1703	15
127.	Very hard flinty blue rock	1703	1704	1
128.	Very hard sand rock above and then very hard sand and flint rock. Very rough. Rock seemed to have a split in it	1704	1705	1
129.	Gray rock. (Mr. W. E. Wrather, who examined this piece of core, describes it as a rough grained, hard, cemented sand rock).	1705	1707	2

130.	Hard blue and gray rock	1707	1730	23
131.	Very hard blue flinty rock	1730	1738	8
132.	Hard blue rock	1738	1741	3
133.	Hard blue and gray rock	1741	1780	39
134.	Hard flinty rock	1780	1783	3
135.	Hard gray and blue rock	1783	1794	11
136.	Hard blue rock	1794	1799	5
137.	Hard blue and gray rock	1799	1803	4
138.	Hard gray rock, quit in very hard sand rock	1803	1805	2
139.	Very hard sand rock. Had split in it. Very rough.	1805	1806	1
140.	Upper six inches very hard sandy, flinty rock, rough, had crack in it. Lower two and a half feet was very hard blue flinty sand rock	1806	1809	3
141.	Very hard blue sand rock	1809	1810	1
142.	Hard blue rock	1810	1816	6
143.	Hard gray and blue rock. Quit in flint at 1823	1816	1823	7
144.	Very hard sand and flint rock	1823	1824	1
145.	Hard sand and flint	1824	1825	1
146.	Blue rock	1825	1826	1
147.	Hard flint rock	1826	1827	1
148.	Hard sand and flint rock in the upper six inches, then flint sand and blue rock	1827	1830	3
149.	Blue rock with flint at bottom	1830	1838	8
150.	Flint and blue rock	1838	1845	7
151.	Gray and blue rock	1845	1851	6
152.	Hard blue rock with streaks of flint	1851	1855	4
153.	Gray and blue rock	1855	1860	5
154.	Hard gray sand and flint	1860	1862	2
155.	Very hard sand and flint and very rough sand and flint	1862	1863	1
156.	Flint and sand a few inches, then blue rock	1863	1864	1
157.	Blue rock	1864	1874	10
158.	Hard blue rock and flint rock	1874	1877	3
159.	Blue rock with sand and very hard flint rock at bottom	1877	1884	7
160.	Hard blue rock	1884	1898	14
161.	Gray and blue rock. Some sand in it	1898	1910	12
162.	Blue rock, not very hard	1910	1936	26
163.	Hard gray rock	1936	1938	2
164.	Very hard blue rock	1938	1952	14
165.	Flint and blue rock	1952	1955	3
166.	Blue rock	1955	1964	9
167.	Hard blue rock	1964	1969	5
168.	Blue and gray rock	1969	1975	6
169.	Hard gray and blue rock; 3 feet gray above 2 feet blue below	1975	1980	5
170.	Hard gray and blue rock, gray rock and flint, and sand rock	1980	1988	8
171.	Very hard sand and blue rock	1988	1992	4
172.	Very hard blue and gray rock	1992	2000	8
173.	Grayish blue and gray rock, with flint below	2000	2007	7
174.	Very hard flint and sand rock	2007	2008	1
175.	Flint and blue rock, very hard	2008	2011	3
176.	Very hard blue rock	2011	2014	3
177.	Gray and blue rock	2014	2027	13
178.	Hard gray rock with streaks of blue	2027	2032	5
179.	Hard blue rock with flint in lower part	2032	2036	4
180.	Hard blue rock with streaks of flint	2036	2041	5
181.	Hard blue rock	2041	2042	1
182.	Blue shale	2042	2047	5
183.	Soft red sand rock, water	2047	2049	2
184.	Blue and gray rock	2049	2050	1
185.	Hard gray and blue rock	2050	2059	9
186.	Very hard blue rock	2059	2063	4
187.	Flint	2063	2064	1
188.	Blue and gray rock	2064	2068	4
189.	Soft red sand rock, hard in streaks	2068	2107	39
190.	Red sand rock and hard gray lime rock	2107	2115	8
191.	Very hard gray limestone, almost flint	2115	2126	11
192.	Blue rock	2126	2128	2
193.	Gray, blue, and red sand rock	2128	2131	3
194.	Hard red sand rock	2131	2162	31
195.	Red sand rock, not very hard	2162	2176	14
196.	Hard red sand rock	2176	2204	28
197.	Very hard sand rock	2204	2209	5
198.	Very hard red sand rock	2209	2211	2
199.	Hard blue lime and flint rock	2211	2214	3
200.	Very hard flint rock (three days’ drilling)	2214	2216	2
201.	Very hard sand and flint rock (three days)	2216	2219	3
202.	Blue limestone	2219	2223	4
203.	Very hard flint and limestone	2223	2224	1
204.	Very hard limestone	2224	2226	2
205.	Very hard blue limestone and flint	2226	2236	10
206.	Very hard limestone and flint	2236	2239	3
207.	Very hard blue limestone and flint	2239	2240	1
208.	Very hard sand and flint rock	2240	2242	2
209.	Very hard sand rock	2242	2243	1
210.	Very hard sand and flint rock	2243	2244	1
211.	Sand and flint rock (core)	2244	2250	6
212.	Very hard sandstone (core), much pyrite near this depth reported by Minihan	2250	2270	20
213.	Hard blue lime rock (core)	2270	2274	4
214.	Blue limestone	2274	2276	2
215.	Red sandstone	2276	2278	2
216.	Hard lime rock	2278	2281	3
217.	Very hard lime rock	2281	2287	6
218.	Very hard limestone and flint	2287	2291	4
219.	Very bard blue lime rock	2291	2296	5
220.	Very hard lime rock	2296	2298	2
221.	Very hard lime rock and flint	2298	2300	2
222.	Hard lime and flint rock (six days’ drilling)	2300	2307	7
223.	Very hard limestone and flint rock	2307	2312	5
224.	Very hard blue lime rock	2312	2322	10
225.	Hard blue lime rock	2322	2329	7
226.	Red sand rock	2329	2331	2
227.	Hard blue lime rock	2331	2333	2
228.	Very hard blue lime rock	2333	2343	10
229.	Very hard blue lime rock, almost flint	2343	2348	5
230.	Hard limestone	2348	2362	14
231.	Hard blue limestone	2362	2381	19
232.	Blue limestone	2381	2383	2
233.	Hard limestone	2383	2392	9
234.	Red sand rock and limestone	2392	2395	3
235.	Blue limestone	2395	2396	1
236.	Red sandstone and blue limestone	2396	2401	5
237.	Blue limestone	2401	2413	12
238.	Very hard limestone	2413	2416	3
239.	Blue limestone	2416	2429	13
240.	Hard limestone	2429	2442	13
241.	Blue limestone	2442	2450	8
242.	Lime and red sand rock	2450	2466	16
243.	Hard blue sand rock	2466	2472	6
244.	Blue sandstone and limestone	2472	2480	8
245.	Limestone	2480	2487	7
246.	Blue limestone	2487	2535	48
247.	Red sandstone and limestone	2535	2551	10
248.	Limestone	2551	2560	9
249.	Blue limestone	2560	2599	39
250.	Lime and red sandstone	2599	2612	13
251.	Blue limestone	2612	2622	10
252.	Lime and blue sandstone	2622	2640	18
253.	Blue sand and red sand rock	2640	2653	13
254.	Red sand and lime rock	2653	2664	11
255.	Soft red sand rock	2664	2673	9
256.	Blue limestone	2673	2677	4
257.	Blue shale	2677	9682	5
258.	Limestone	2682	2685	3
259.	Blue sand rock, very hard	2685	2694	9
260.	Blue sand rock	2694	2701	7
261.	Lime and brown sand rock	2701	2716	15
262.	Hard brown sand rock	2716	2735	19
263.	Brown sand rock	2735	2744	9
264.	Soft gray sand rock, hard streaks	2744	2751	7
265.	Brown sand rock, hard	2751	2802	51
266.	Brown sand rock	2802	2969,	167
267.	Hard brown sand rock	2969	2975	6
268.	Very hard brown sand rock and flint	2975	2980	5
269.	Anhydrite, water seep	2980	2995	15
270.	Limestone	2995	3045	50
271.	Anhydrite	3045	3046	1
272.	Limestone	3046	3060	14
273.	Hard blue shale with streaks of lime	3060	3075	15
274.	Streaks of anhydrite and hard limestone	3075	3125	50
275.	Limestone, hard	3125	3141	16
276.	Limestone	3141	3180	39
277.	Brown limestone	3180	3185	5
278.	Limestone	3185	3200	15
279.	Limestone and anhydrite	3200	3205	5
280.	Limestone	3205	3210	5
281.	Limestone, very hard	3210	3215	5
282.	Limestone	3215	3240	25
283.	Limestone and anbydrite	3240	3245	5
284.	Limestone	3245	3255	10
285.	Brown limestone	3255	3260	5
286.	Limestone	3260	3280	20
287.	Brown limestone	3280	3290	10
288.	Limestone	3290	3320	30
289.	Limestone	3320	3340	20
290.	Brown limestone	3340	3345	5
291.	Limestone	3345	3350	5
292.	Brown limestone	3350	3355	5
293.	Limestone	3355	3363	8
294.	Very hard brown rock	3363	3371	8
295.	Limestone	3371	3512	141
296.	Very hard limestone	3512	3521	9
297.	Very hard brown limestone	3521	3540	19
298.	Limestone	3540	3667	127
299.	Blue shale	3667	3669	2
300.	Limestone	3669	3752	83
301.	Very flinty limestone	3752	3763	11
302.	Hard limestone	3763	3791	28
303.	Limestone	3791	3842	51.
304.	Brown and hard limestone	3842	3850	8
305.	Very hard limestone	3850	3858	8
306.	Limestone	3858	3926	68
307.	Hard limestone and some pyrite	392(3	3932	6
308.	Limestone with a great deal of pyrite	3932	3947	15
309.	Very hard limestone and pyrite	3947	3952	5
310.	Limestone	3952	3964	12
311.	Brown limestone with pyrite	3964	3975	11
312.	Limestone	3975	3986	11
313.	Limestone with pyrite	3986	3994	8
314.	Limestone	3994	4090	26
315.	Hard limestone	4020	4045	25
316.	Limestone	4045	4075	30
317.	Very hard limestone	4075	4076	1
318.	Limestone and anhydrite	4076	4088	12
319.	Gray limestone	4088	4152	64
320.	Very hard limestone	4152	4168	16
321.	Limestone	4168	4215	47
322.	Hard limestone	4215	4278	3
323.	Limestone	4218	4263	45
324.	Brown limestone	4263	4278	15
325.	Limestone	4278	4288	10
326.	Gray limestone	4988	4305	17
327.	Limestone	4305	4325	20
328.	Very hard limestone	4325	4332	7
329.	Hard limestone	4332	4350	18
330.	Limestone	4 >50	1389	39
331.	Limestone and shale	4389	4`398	8
332.	Limestone, streaks, (lark shale	4398	4407	9
333.	Dark shale and limestone	1407	4431	2 f
334.	Dark shale with streaks of limestone	4 31	a 170	39
335.	Limestone and dark shale	4470	4475	5
336.	Limestone	4475	4479	4
337.	Limestone and shale	4479	4489	10

Material	Level	Thickness
Rock and gravel	20-70	50 feet
Red rock (shale)	70-115	45 feet
Hard white sandstone	125-195	70 feet
Blue shale	195 -220	25 feet
Blue shale (lighter color)	220 -270	50 feet
Soft white sandstone	270 -280	10 feet
Blue shale	280 -400	120 feet
Red rock (shale)	400 -115	15 feet
Blue shale	415 -445	30 feet
Red rock (blood red)	445 -465	20 feet
Red sandstone	815 -870	55 feet
White sandstone	870 - 930	60 feet
Red sandstone	930 -1190	160 feet
White sandstone	1190 -1193	3 feet
White material (like lime)	1193 -1197	4 feet
Blood red material	1197 -1210	13 feet
Granite	1210 -1213	3 feet

These carefully compiled drill data show that there were 337 strata in 4,489 feet an average of thirteen feet per stratum. Some of the lesser thicknesses especially where they occur in sequence may represent time periods of only fractions of epochs. Some of the greater thicknesses may have resulted from drilling through slanting strata. These two different conditions may average out; but it is an assumption that can be corrected when better data become available. On this assumption we will base our estimate of the age of the earth and the age of the oldest rocks that have been sampled.

The nature of the earth conditions underlying a section of the Rocky Mountains, is indicated by the record of the drilling of a water well, furnished by Mr. N. W. Draper and taken from Colorado Geological Survey, Bulletin 28, 1925. The well is located 1 1/2 miles south of Grand junction, in west central Colorado, just west of the Continental Divide.

As an example of the earth conditions that lie under a section of the Appalachian Mountains, I reprint here a part of the report of a typical boring, taken from West Virginia Geological Survey, County Reports, 1921, Nicholas County: The log of the 20,521 feet deep well drilling by the Superior Oil Company, in Sublette County, Wyoming setting a record for depth up to 1950 shows for the last two miles "Alternating sandstones and gray shale with sandy shale and shaley sand to total depth. "

Materials	Thickness in feet	Total feet
Slate and lime shells	25	905
Lime, hard, gray	25	930
Sand, white, Rosedale salt	120	1,050
Slate & lime shells	65	1,115
Sand	5	1,120
Lime, black	30	1,150
Sand, gray	40	1,190
Slate and lime shells	10	1,200
Red rock	25	1,225
Slate and shells	20	1,245
Lime, gray	50	1,295
Red rock	47	1,342
Slate and lime shells	43	1,385
Red rock	35	1,420

The presence of successive repetitive earth strata is indicated by the records of drilling and borings for oil, minerals, and water, and also by mine shafts, in all parts of the world. Practically all the records show that the borings have encountered sedimentary formations in layer after layer.

These records confirm the fact that the globe was built up stratum by stratum, under conditions which were changing constantly for any one area, thus confirming the repetitive careenings of the globe.

Drill logs also disclose that there is an apparent tendency for the globe to repeat its careenings, for a time, over almost the same reel and re reel, as disclosed by the recurrence of identical materials in its alternate layers.

Page 85

These facts support the evidence found in Nova Scotia, referred to above, which contain ten layers of fossil trees with eleven layers of barren rock between and above and below and which indicate that the globe careened back and forth within a certain definite pattern or cycle during those epochs.

The records also support our deductions based on the 27 layers of fossil trees in Yellowstone Park, the nineteen layers of coal in Nova Scotia, at the Bay of Fundy, and the successive earth strata with fossil trees reported at frozen Wood Hill in the New Siberian Islands.

Similarly, many coal beds occur one above the other, often with frigid zone materials separating by very sharp cleavage planes quite a number of the strata and then above and below there are materials which are the accumulations of entirely different conditions of latitude and environment.

Magnetic Rocks

TELLTALE magnetic rocks found in North America and Europe show that in previous epochs, between the recurrent careenings of the globe, they were magnetized in directions different from that in which the earth’s electric currents are now magnetizing similar rocks.

Earth electric currents are today magnetizing various types of rocks so that they will point north south when freely suspended. They are composed of magnetic iron oxide, or magnetite, and have been called natural magnets. They are believed to have been the first compasses used by man.

The angular direction of the magnetic pointings of many of these old rocks are now randomly oriented to the present polar indicating that in former epochs the North and South Magnetic Poles occupied entirely different positions on the surface of the globe than they do now.

Some of the nonconventionally pointing magnetic rocks are found to be slanted obliquely toward the present ground surfaces, indicating that there have been geological disturbances since they were formed and magnetized in horizontal layers.

Page 86

Thirteen locations of nonconventionally pointing magnetic rocks have been tabulated by S. K. Runcorn in Nature Magazine, September 3, 1955, page 425. lie classified rocks of eight geological eras from Pre Cambrian to Triassic occurring in Great Britain, North America, and other countries.

John V. Graham, in Journal of Geophysical Research of September, 1955, page 327, states that "Enough observations have been made so that there is no longer any question that a useful fraction of old rocks retain to this day the magnetisms they received in remote times."

The most logical explanation for the telltale randomly oriented magnetic rock materials is the recurrent careenings of the globe. The variation in directional pointings of magnetic rocks in old formations is a corollary and proof of the frequent shiftings of the earth’s Axis of Figure caused by the careenings of the globe. Earth electric currents are discussed more fully under "Volcanoes and Hot Springs" (page 236) , in Part III "Origin of the Earth’s Materials."

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