Tapping Zero-Point Energy
ABSTRACT
The hypothesis for tapping the zero-point energy (ZPE)
arises by combining the theories of the ZPE with the theories of
system self-organization. The vacuum polarization of atomic nuclei
might allow their synchronous motion to activate a ZPE coherence.
Experimentally observed plasma ion-acoustic anomalies as
well as inventions utilizing cycloid ion motions may offer supporting
evidence. The suggested experiment of rapidly circulating a charged
plasma in a vortex ring might induce a sufficient zero-point energy
interaction to manifest a gravitational anomaly. An invention
utilizing abrupt E field rotation to create virtual charge exhibits
excessive energy output.
INTRODUCTION
Today's physics might allow the possibility of tapping
virtually limitless quantities of energy directly from the fabric of
space.
Such a surprising conjecture arises by merging two
separate theoretical areas of modern physics:
1) The theories of the zero-point energy (1-5) (ZPE)
that model the vacuum as containing real, energetic fluctuations of
electric field energy, and 2) the theories of system self-organization
(6-13) which not only open the possibility of inducing coherence in
this energy, but also provide the underlying principles on how this
could be achieved (10).
At first this hpyothesis might seem to be a blatant
violation of the conservation of energy. But the key question is:
Does the zero-point energy REALLY exist?
If so, a real energy is already present and its
conservation would not be an issue.
The real issue centers on how random fluctuations could
become coherent. Any spontaneous coherence seems to violate the second
law of thermodynamics, which is generally understood to mean systems
should evolve toward random behavior, not toward coherence.
This point is thoroughly discussed in the theories of
system self-organization (11,12). Prigogine (13) won the 1977 Nobel
prize in chemistry for defining the conditions under which a system
could evolve from randomness toward coherence. The conditions are that
the system must be far from equilibrium, nonlinear in its dynamics and
have an energy flux through it.
These conditions are expressed in general system theory terms, and it
turns out that the already published theories of the ZPE can, under
certain circumstances, fulfill these conditions.
Despite the intriguing possibility offered by system
theory, no purely theoretical discussion could ever prove that the
zero-point energy could be tapped as an energy source. Only an
experiment coupled with the theory would be convincing. This article
discusses how observed anomalies associated with the ion-acoustic
oscillations in plasmas could be a manifestation of a coherent ZPE
interaction and in particular, how the cycloid motion of a a plasma's
nuclei might induce
a sufficient ZPE coherence to manifest a gravitational anomaly.
This article also highlights an invention which utilizes
the abrupt rotation of electric fields to cause an hypothesized pair
production of virtual charges from the vacuum energy across a
macroscopic system. The invention reportedly outputs excessive power
while free running. The invention reportedly outputs excessive power
while free running, and its full disclosure may constitute an
experiment which could be
repeated by the scientific community.
THE FABRIC OF SPACE
Does the fabric of empty space really contain a plenum
of energy? This question has been debated throughout the history of
science.
The early scientists through the 19th century believed
in the existence of an ether, which was modeled as a material
substance that could support the wave propagation of light.
The famous Michelson-Morley experiment failed to detect
the expected ether wind produced by the earth's motion through it. At
the turn of the cnetury Einstein used this result to support the
theory of special relativity. When this became accepted, the
scientific community rejected the existence of the ether. Thus
classical physicists came to consider the vacuum of space to be truly
empty.
The classical model was only to last until the 1930's
when quantum mechanics became accepted. From quantum mechanics arose a
mathematical term in the description of the ground state of any
oscillating system called the zero-point energy.
The term "zero-point" refers to zero degrees Kelvin
which means this energy exists even in the absence of all heat. The
energy was interpreted as being INHERENT TO THE FABRIC OF SPACE
ITSELF.
Dirac (14) showed how electron-positron pair production
could arise from the vacuum fluctuations and quantum electrodynamics
was born.
The Heisenberg uncertaintly principle allowed quantum
mechanical systems to "borrow" this energy for short periods of time.
The ether came back into science not modeled as a material substance
but rather as a randomly fluctuating energy. Could a space filled with
fluctuations of electric flux be consistent with special relativity?
Boyer (15) showed that, by invoking the postulate of Lorentz
invariance, the spectral energy density p of the zero-point
fluctuations must have the particular form as a function of frequency
w : p(w) = kw3 where the constant k is related to Planck's constant.
This result gives a quantitative basis to the theory of random
electrodynamics which strives to show that quantum mechanical effects
arise FROM MATTER'S INTERACTION WITH THE ZERO-POINT ENERGY.
This cubic frequency relation implies an absurd result:
the energy density of the ZPE AT EACH POINT IN SPACE is INFINITE!
A similar problem plagues quantum electrodynamics where
infinities are renormalized away. Some type of frequency cutoff is
required to create a finite, quantitative theory.
Wheeler (16) applied the theory of general relativity to
the ZPE to create a natural cutoff in his theory of geometrodynamics.
In general relativity the fabric of space curves as a function of
energy density.
When the density becomes sufficiently great, space
pinches like it's forming a black hole. This gives rise to the
formation of hyperspace structures that Wheeler called "wormholes."
His calculation yielded microscopic channels on the
order of 10-33 (to the -33rd) cm having a (mass equivalent) energy
density of 10+94 (to the 94th) grams/cm3 (cubed).
The resulting view is that the fabric of space consists
of constantly forming and annihilating pairs of microscopic "mini"
blackholes and whiteholes which channel electric flux into and out of
our three dimensional space.
These mini holes manifest dynamics which could be
modeled as a turbulent, virtual plasma that Wheeler calls the "quantum
foam." In this view the elementary particles are like bubbles or
vortices arising from the dynamics of the vacuum energy.
Is it possible to tap this energy? At first the answer
seems to be no since it is extermely difficult experimentally to
observe its existence; the energy is ubiquitous and a detector
REQUIRES AN ENERGY DIFFERENCE to measure field strength. However, the
theories of quantum
electrodynamics indicate that all the elementary particles are
dynamically interacting with the ZPE resulting in vacuum polarization.
In particular, quantum electrodynamics shows that the different
elementary particles polarize the vacuum differently (17-19).
In a first order model, electrons, especially conduction
band electrons, exhibit an ethereal cloud-like random interaction with
the zero-point fluctuations and are effectively in thermodynamic
equilibrium with it. No net energy would be absorbed by this type of
system.
However, an atomic nucleus exhibits a pattern of
quasi-stable vacuum polarization channels converging toward it. This
may allow the possibility of driving the nucleus-ZPE system off of
equilibrium by abrupt motion. This fulfills the first condition for
system self-organization.
How the other conditions could be fulfilled as well can
be understood by modeling the ZPE as a virtual plasma. Like a plasma,
it is nonlinear in its dynamical behavior, it may be driven off of
equilibrium by the abrupt motion of nuclei, and it might well be
sustained by an energy flux intersecting our three dimensional space
from a higher dimensional superspace (20-22).
This last point is clearly the most speculative. If
true, it offers VIRTUALLY LIMITLESS ENERGY.
It can best be supported by noting that there are
interpretations of quantum mechanics and relativity theory which imply
the existence of a physically real, higher dimensional space, and the
notion of superspace is well discussed in the physics literature
(23-25).
It is interesting to note that some authors (26,27)
recognized that the mathematical analysis of a nonlinear system
interacting with the ZPE shows that energy could be extracted, but
they are skeptical due to the lack of experimental evidence.
ION-ACOUSTIC OSCILLATIONS
The real proof that the zero-point energy could become
an energy source can only come from a repeatable experiment. The above
discussion suggests that the motion of a plasma's nuclei might be an
effective transducer for interacting with the ZPE.
The coherent oscillations of nuclei in a plasma is known
as the ion-acoustic mode, and it has been associated with anomalous
plasma behavior including run-away electrons (28), anomalous heating
(29-31), anomalous resistance (32), and high frequency voltage spikes
(33-35). Could these anomalies be associated with a direct ZPE
interaction manifesting a macroscopic vacuum polarization (36)?
The inventor T. Henry Moray (37) stressed the importance
of ion oscillations in the plasma tubes of his invention that produced
50 kilowatts of anomalous electrical power in the 1930's. His
well-witnessed invention could not be explained with the physics of
that time, and puzzled all the scientists who investigated his device.
Another experiment where coherent oscillations of nuclei
could be the source of anomalous heat is the electrolytic "cold
fusion" experiment of Pons and Fleischmann (38).
In this experiment deuterium nuclei occupy shallow
potential wells in the crystal lattice sites of the palladium. Here
the nuclei are free to oscillate (39), but they generally diffuse to
adjacent, vacant lattice sites (40).
However, under the conditions of deuterium
supersaturation all the lattice sites are occupied, and the deuterons
within a crystal grain of palladium could then undergo synchronous
oscillations similar to ion-acoustic heat (41). This hypothesis
predicts the effect would be greatly enhanced by supersaturating a
pure single crystal of palladium and that an electrical pulse could
trigger the oscillation.
It might also be possible to generate anomalous heat
with experiments using ordinary water (although it is more difficult
to constrain protons to the lattice sites than deuterons). The
difficulty in repeating the heat anomaly of the Pons/Fleischmann
experiment is probably the first repeatable experiment in which at
least some other scientists are able to produce an energy anomaly
(42).
PLASMA SPIRALS
Other investigators have claimed energy anomalies
associated with plasma behavior. The Russian plasma physicist,
Chernetskii, from his observations of anomalous energetic plasma
activity explains that under appropriate conditions a plasma interacts
directly with the ZPE (43).
He has recently claimed to have created a plasma device
that absorbs energy from the vacuum fluctuations when the plasma's
particles undergo cycloid motion (43).
Likewise the inventions of Searle (44), Spence (45), and
Papp (46) also have cycloid particle motion in the plasmas within
their energy producing devices.
Ball lighting (47) is a possible candidate for a ZPE
interaction since it has been modeled as a vortex ring plasmoid (48).
The energy source needed to maintain its persistence must be localized
within the ball since it has been observed inside of shielded
environments such as aircraft and submarines.
In a submarine a particular type of circuit breaker has
launched it on multiple occasions (49). The vortex ring model for ball
lightning has its plasma particles undergoing precessional cycloid
motion, and it might therefore be an example of a zero-point energy
coherence occurring in nature.
It may also be possible to induce the cycloid motion of
nuclei within solid state magnetic materials such as ferrites. When a
ferrite's magnetic domain wall moves, the microscopic magnetic dipoles
rotate (50). This supports the propagation of nonlinear spinor waves
through the ferrite (51). This wave directly couples to the ferrite
lattice causing an elastic, acoustical spinor wave (52). This results
in the helical motion of the ferrite's nuclei.
If such motion induces a zero-point energy coherence,
then nearby pickup coils might detect anomalous energy. Such a
hypothesis may help explain the "free energy" inventions of Coler (53)
and Sweet (54).
The plasma vortex-ZPE hypothesis could also be applied
to the water vortex studies of Schauberger (55). He claimed that water
forced to precess through specially shaped spiralling tubes induced an
energy anomaly causing a peculiar bluish glow to appear at the center
of the vortex.
Also the gyroscope studies by Laithwaite (56) may fit
the vortex hypothesis. Laithwaite observed that a precessing gyroscope
that was displaced along a particular cycloid path would exhibit an
inertial/gravitational anomaly.
GRAVITATIONAL ANOMALIES
The expectation of gravitational anomalies associated
with coherence of the zero-point energy arises directly from general
relativity.
Gravity is described as curvature of the space-time
metric induced by the stress-energy tensor (57). If the zero-point
energy has the enormous density as predicted by Wheeler, then even a
slight coherence in its activity could curve the local space-time
metric producing measurable gravitational or time anomalies.
An experiment which altered the pace of time near the
apparatus would suggest the ZPE's involvement (58). Puthoff (59) has
recently quantitatively explored Sakarov's suggestion that gravity is
intimately coupled to the behavior of the ZPE by proposing a model in
which gravity directly arises from the action of the zero-point
fluctuations.
An experiment which produced a gravitational or time
anomaly would yield evidence that the ZPE is being cohered because the
ZPE is the only energy appreciable enough to induce a space-time
metric curvature by technological means.
How could such an anomaly be demonstrated
experimentally? The ideas presented in this paper suggest the
following preliminary experiment:
A piping system is shaped into a vortex ring (Figure 1)
whose poloidal/toroidal size ratio is similar to the plasmoids
observed by Bostick (60) in his experiments.
Charged fluid or plasma is pumped to circulate rapidly
through the vortex ring. Note that the plasma is forced to undergo an
effective precessional motion (a poloidal rotation closing into a
toroidal rotation).
A weight change in the apparatus or a change in the pace
of time nearby the apparatus would support the proposed conjecture
that an ionic plasma vortex could induce a ZPE coherence.
(since we cannot duplicate the drawing in this file,
Figure 1 shows a donut shape viewed from the top and generated by
loops as if a Slinky toy was connected end to end "Vortex ring
mainfesting precessional flow")
An oscillatory ion-acoustic plasma vortex ring can be
created with an electrical circuit. A toroidal coil is wound on a
ferrite core with wire whose insulator is coated with a mildly
radioactive material.
Alternatively the coil could be bombarded by ionizing
radiation (61). The radiation only needs to be strong enough to ionize
the air or gas near the surface of the toroidal coil, and it maintains
a cold plasma.
The coil is then tuned to resonate at the ion-acoustic
frequency of this plasma by adding an appropriate capacitance to the
circuit. A properly tuned resonance yields ion oscillatory
displacement currents in the medium surrounding the wire which acts as
a wave guide.
During resonance further ionization could accrue
shifting the ion-acoustic frequency. This nonlinear effect can be
stabilized with a parallel, variable capacitor controlled via feedback
by the magnitude of the output current.
The capacitance is automatically adjusted to maximize
the output current unless it becomes too large at which point the
system is intentionally detuned. If the ion-acoustic plasma vortex
were to interact coherently with the ZPE, then anomalous energy
production might occur in such a system.
MACROSCOPIC PAIR PRODUCTION
The plasma vortex ring motif can be applied directly to
the virtual ZPE plasma to create a model of an elementary charge.
Bostick showed that a pair of plasmoid vortex rings could arise from
an abruptly excited, turbulent plasma (60).
In a similar fashion could electron-positron pair
production arise as vortex rings from the ZPE modeled as a virtual
plasma? In this analogy the charge would be associated with the
helicity of the electric flux circulation on the vortex ring (62,63).
Likewise the electric (E) field lines emanating from a
charge could be modeled as helical filaments (64). Here the helical
filaments would originate from the charge and be sustained
continuously by electric flux flowing at the speed of light. This
model of E field lines offers a dynamic possibility for activating the
vacuum energy.
If an E field line alone could be abruptly rotated, it
would mimic the precessional flow of a vortex ring section (Figure 2)
and consequently would manifest for an instant virtual charge at a
macroscopic level. This would constitute a coherence in the zero-point
energy.
(Figure 2 shows a 1 quarter section of the doughnut
shape as described in Figure 1 "Vortex filament model of abruptly
rotated E field line") An experiment in which E field lines are
abruptly rotated might yield excessive energy from the resulting
voltage transients.
Such an experiment has already been done, and its
description is essentially the invention by Hyde (65). Hyde uses
rapidly spinning segmented rotors to abruptly cut E field lines, and
his invention is reported to output power TEN TIMES THE INPUT!
The invention consists of a pair of excitor plates, a
pair of segmented rotors and a pair of segmented stators (Figure 3).
Charge is free to migrate on the conductive surfaces comprising the
rotors and excitor plates, but on the stators the adjacent, conductive
segments are electrically insulated from each other.
(Figure 3 consists of 3 parts, the first shows a simple
circle labelled EXCITOR PLATE, the second shows a disk segmented into
3 section similar to the symbol for atomic hazard and labelled
SEGMENTED ROTOR and the third shows a circle sectioned into 6 areas
much like a pie chard evenly divided into 6 sections, it is labelled
SEGMENTED STATOR "Simplified version of excitor, rotor and stator")
The components are connected as shown in the side view (Figure
4).
E = EXCITOR PLATE
Figure 4. Connection of components (side view)
An external voltage source charges the excitor plates which provide an
electrostatic polarization field. Insulation on the device's
negatively charged surfaces insures that no current leaks from the
excitor plates and little power is drwan from the charging voltage
source.
The rotors are electrically connected to each other
through a conductive shaft which is spun by an electric motor (not
shown).
The rotors in the patent description were electrically
connected by brushes to their adjacent stators, but Hyde has since
improved his invention by removing these contacts (66). The field from
the excitor plates induces a polarization between the connected
rotors.
The segments on both rotors are aligned to allow them to
shield an aligned pair of stator segments. As the rotor spins, aligned
stator segments are ALTERNATELY EXPOSED and SHEILDED from the excitor
polarization field.
Each stator segment is electrically connected to its
counterpart on the other stator through a PULSE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT in
which the transient voltage pulses are stepped down and then channeled
to a combining rectifier output circuit (not shown).
It is a surprise that such a simple device as Hyde's
could output anomalous power. An analysis using just classical physics
would predict that the voltage induced across a stator segment pair
would swing between zero and the excitor plate voltage since this is
the steady state limit for the shielded and exposed conditions. This
is observed when the rotor is spun slowly.
However, when the rotor is spun on the order of 6000
rpm, a 3 KV potential across the excitor plates yields stator pulses
in excess of 300 KV with a very small drag on the rotor (67).
How the ZPE could be cohered by the abrupt field cutting
from the rotors is illustrated in the top view sequence in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Abrupt E field cuting sequence (top view)
During the exposed condition, current flows to charge the stator
segment pair. Under rapid spin, the rotor blade cuts through the gap
quicker than the charge can leave the stator segment due to the
current's momentum from residual inductance of the connecting circuit.
The charge remains on the stator segment during the
instant its E field lines are cut resulting in their abrupt rotation.
If such an abrupt rotation of E field lines manifests virtual charge
from the vacuum energy, then this charge would greatly augment the
potential across the stator segment pairs and yield a more vigourous
voltage transient.
Note that opposite virtual charge is created
simultaneously on the outer surfaces of the connected stator segments.
Quantum electrodynamics allows virtual charge pair production from the
ZPE as long as charge is conserved. This analysis of Hyde's invention
suggests virtual charge pair production in the macroscopic realm.
The resulting transient zero-point energy coherence
accelerates the charges of the stator segment circuit, and the system
outputs anomalously excessive energy.
SUMMARY
Applying the principles of system self-organization to
the theories of the zero-point energy suggests that an appropriate
system might be able to induce a coherence in the action of the
zero-point energy.
Quantum electrodynamics shows that the ZPE intimately
interacts with the various elementary particles with differing vacuum
polarization dynamics. The vacuum polarization description of atomic
nuclei suggests that abrupt, synchronous motion of ions or nuclei may
be a good candidate for coherent vacuum energy activation.
The observed anomalies associated with the ion-acoustic
oscillations of a plasma might be evidence for this. Further
circumstantial evidence may arise from the claims of different
investigators and inventors whose devices exhibit a common modus
operandi: They utilize coherent, synchronous motion of ions or nuclei.
The largest claims are associated with devices that
produce cycloid or precessional motion of nuclei. This leads to the
hypothesis that a POSITIVELY CHARGED PLASMA VORTEX MIGHT INDUCE A ZPE
COHERENCE.
The idea can be experimentally explored by rapidly
circulating a charged plasma or fluid through a vortex ring piping
system and looking for a gravitational or time variation since there
is a recognized theorectical connection between gravity and the action
of the zero-point energy.
Since vortex ring plasmoid pair production is observed
in turbulent plasmas, modeling the ZPE as a turbulent, virtual plasma
supports the vortex ring model for elementary charge and the vortex
filament model for electric field lines.
Such a model predicts that the abrupt rotation of
electric field lines would manifest virtual charge from the vacuum
energy.
Experimental support that macroscopic, virtual charge
pair production might provide energy directly from the ZPE arises from
Hyde's fully disclosed invention. It appears imperative that Hyde's
invention be replicated, for only a repeating experiment could prove
that it is possible to tap the zero-point energy as an energy source.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The help of Oliver Nichelson, Adrea Powell and Carl
Rhoades is gratefully acknowledged.
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57) C.W. Misner, K.S. Thorne, J.A. Wheeler, GRAVITATION,
Freeman, NY 1970. Chapters 43 and 44 discuss the zero-point energy.
58) N.A. Kozyrev, "Possibility of Experimental Study of
the Properties of Time," Joint Publication Research Service,
Arlington, VA, 1968.
59) H.E. Puthoff, "Gravity as a Zero-Point Fluctuation
Force," Phys. Rev. A 39(5), 2333(1989).
60) W.H. Bostick, "Experimental Study of Plasmoids,"
Phys. Rev. 106(3), 404(1957).
61) P.M. Brown, "Apparutus for Direct Conversion of
Radioactive Decay Energy to Electrical Energy," U.S. Patent No.
4,835,433 (1989).
62) W.H. Bostick, "The Gravitational Stabilized
Hydrodynamic Model of the Elementary Particle," Gravity Research
Foundation, New Boston, NH, 1961.
63) N.J. Medvedeff, NUCLEAR DYNAMICS, privately
published, Hanover, MA, 1961.
64) J.J. Thompson, RECOLLECTIONS AND REFLECTIONS,
Cambridge University Press, 1936; pp. 94, 369.
65) W.W. Hyde, "Electrostatic Energy Field Power
Generating System," U.S. Patent No. 4,897,592 (1990).
66) W.W. Hyde, private communication, April 1991.
67) W.W. Hyde, private communication, April 1991. A 1987
prototype containing approximately 2000 capacitors and diodes
exhibited the following characteristics:
by Moray B. King
P.O. Box 859
Provo, UT 84603
E R S S R E
- ³ + ³ ³ ³ ³ - ³
+
- ³ + ³ ³ ÚÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ³ ³ - ³
+
- ³ + ³ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ P ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ - ³
+
- ³ + ³ ³ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÙ ³ ³ - ³
+
- ³ + ³ / /^\ ³ - ³
+
³ ========================|=============== ³
³ ³ | / ³ ³
- ³ + ³ \ ___/ ³ - ³
+
- ³ + ³ ÚÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ³ - ³
+
- ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ P ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ - ³
+
- ³ + ³ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÙ ³ - ³
+
- ³ + ³ ³ - ³
+
S S
R = ROTOR SEGMENT
S = STATOR SEGMENT
P = PULSE RECTIFIER
E R
- ³<---------³ S / E ||| VVV ³<-\ - //³ ³ + /// ///³ ³<------------------³ \_________/ ³<---------³ /³
|
No. rotor segments |
240 |
|
No. stator segments |
480 |
|
Rotor speed |
6000 rpm |
|
Excitor plate voltage |
3 KV DC |
|
Output voltage |
602 VDC |
|
Output current |
38 amps |
|
Output power |
22.9 KW |
|
Input power |
2.4 KW |
|
Net output power while free running |
20.5 KW |