TITLE: A Circular, Copper-engraved, Medieval
World Map
DATE: 1485
AUTHOR: unknown
DESCRIPTION: Printed medieval world maps (map-incunabula) can
be arranged in three types: 1) schematic copies of maps in manuscripts of
the early Middle Ages, the so-called wheel-maps, T-O maps and zonal maps
(from 1472); 2) maps made after the pattern of the so-called monastic maps
(in Rudimentum Novitiorum (Slide #253) and Mer des Histoires,
by Rüst and Sporer, from 1475); and 3) copies of Ptolemy's world map,
with or without minor corrections in the north of Europe (from 1477). None
of these types is influenced by the advances in geographical knowledge which
set in from the beginning of the 15th century, "the age of discoveries",
particularly in regard to knowledge of West Africa, and which are recorded
in many manuscript medieval maps; there is thus no group of printed maps
based on Spanish, Portuguese, or Italian portolans, notwithstanding
their proximity in time. The reason for this may be sought in the fact that
such portolan charts were kept secret by the rival powers in the
interests of colonial policy. Only one map-incunabulum, however, cannot
be included in any of these three above-mentioned groups: an anonymous and
undated circular world map engraved on copper, certainly in Italy and at
Venice, and to be ascribed to approximately 1485*.
This map (bearing neither title, indication of author, place of execution,
or date) is engraved on a circular copper-plate (of a diameter of about
17.5 cm), and measures 17 cm (N-S) by 17.3 cm (W-E). The paper is a fairly
thick "incunable" paper with very thin longitudinal lines traced
at rather more than one millimeter distance and thicker transverse lines
at a distance of about 33 mm, without watermark.
The map-picture presents the world as it was then known in Europe (North
at the top), i.e., in our present-day conception, the eastern hemisphere;
its basis is the representation of Ptolemy's world map, although the author
does not slavishly adhere to it. Rather he has in mind the medieval Christian
belief in an earthly Paradise with four rivers flowing from it; but he takes
special account of advances in knowledge of the three parts of the world
made since Ptolemy. There is no division into degrees or zones. The nomenclature
is given in the Latin language, as used in the age of the Roman Empire,
and is executed in Roman type.
The continents, with the islands pertaining to them, almost reach the edges
of the map, so that the ocean, as in most of the medieval manuscript maps,
is limited to a narrow circle; there is however a large patch of ocean,
but without any name, in the Gulf of Guinea. The ocean is represented by
means of numerous lines parallel to the edge of the map, while the inland
seas, among which even the Indian Ocean is found, are represented by horizontal,
straight (W-E) and dense lines, so that the darker water surfaces stand
out clearly on the lighter surface of the land. The contours of the mainland
and islands are, besides, stressed by narrow shading.
Rivers are marked by plain lines corresponding to their actual or presumed
course; often they flow from mountains, sometimes across them, which is
in itself no absurdity though the representation of valleys is lacking.
Mountains are represented by conventional signs in perspective, of different
length and height, and are mostly drawn as rows of mountains stretching
from west to east (they are left white in my copy, but in Hind's they are
colored); only the Appenines, Alps, Karst and Balkans are characterized,
in conformity with their crooked outline, by a connected chain of mountains.
The few towns indicated in the map are represented by towered buildings
of different sizes.
Legends are confined to the most important indications, so that the map-picture
is not overcrowded with an excessive number of names and legends, as was
customary in most medieval maps. From an orthographic point of view, the
names are unusually correct; the Latin 'æ' is mostly transcribed,
as was then customary in Italy, by 'e'. The cardinal points are indicated
in the ocean in their respective places by Septentrio, Oriens, Auster
and Occidens. In Europe are indicated (in larger type) a) on the
Continent: Ispania Taraconesis, Lusitania Isp., Betica Isp. - Gallia
Lugdunensis (indicated in its correct place and not, as Destombes says,
in the wrong one, for the Roman province comprised also Brittany and Normandy
beside other parts of France) - Gallia Belgica. - Germania Magna, Retia,
Vindelitia. Italia, Venetie, Roma (as a town) - Dalmatia, Macedonia,
Pelopone[sus] - Tanais Fl., Sarmatia Europae, Datia, Danubius Fl., Tracia
- Norbegia, Suetia q[uae] est Gottia, Helandia [Halandia], Engrovelant,
Gottia Orientalis; b) Seas and Islands: Germanicus Oceanus, Sarmaticum,
Egeum Mare, Pontus Euxinus [Black Sea] - Gotcia [Gotland], Albion
[Scotland], Britanica [England], Ibernia, Baleares lnsule,
Corsica, Sardinia, Sicilia, Creta .
In "Africa" (in larger type) a) on the Continent: Mauritania
Tingitana, Mauritania Cesarensis [indicated in its correct place and
not, as Destombes says, in the wrong one (Algeria of today], Africa [as
a Roman Province - Tunis of today], Cartago (as a town), Marmarica,
Egyptus, Alexandria and Thebe (as towns), Getusia [Getulia],
Libya Interior, Aethiopia, Nilus Fl. (named three times at the length
of its course), Meroe Insula, Trogloditica Regio; b) Seas and Islands:
Sircis (Little Syrte), Sirtis Magna, Rubrum Mare, Indicum Mare;
Fortunate Insule.
In "Asia" (in larger type) a) on the Continent: Hyperborei
M., Rha Fl., Sarmatia Asiae, Iberia, Colchias, Albania, Ilircanum Mare,
Sogdiana, Margiana, Hircania, Pontus,Asia [as a Roman Province in western
Asia Minor], Licia, Paphilia, Cilicia, Capadocia (the name is divided
in four parts), Armenia, Armenia Maior, Syria, Juda, Hierusalem (as
a town), Arabia Petrea, Arabia Felix, Arabia Deserta, Assiria, Babylonia,
Susiana, Persia, Media, Aria, Carmania, India (named twice), Fison
Fl., Eufrates Fl., Tigris Fl., Paradisus; b) Seas and Islands: Persicum
Mare; Cyprus, Taprobana Insula.
Moreover, many mountains and waters are represented without any names, e.g.
in Europe: the Rhine with two branches at its mouth, four branches of the
Danube at its mouth, mountains along the length of Scandinavia, imaginary
mountains in Central Russia (giving birth to the Don); in Asia: the correct
upper course of the Euphrates, an imaginary river taking its sources in
the Elbrooz and flowing in the direction of the Euphrates, mountains in
India and two mountains in easternmost Asia, from the northernmost of which
the Oxus flows to the Caspian Sea and another river runs southwards and
reaches the Fison; the Lake of Paradise gives birth to four rivers of Paradise;
in Africa: the mountains south of the present-day Tunis, from which a river
takes its sources and flows to the Mediterranean, southeast of these some
other mountains connected with the former by a river (Gir ); in central
Africa Lunae Montes with the sources of the Nile, three of which
are quickly united, mountains in eastern Africa (Garbato Mons ?)
with one more source of the Nile, and three mountains in the southern, elongated
toward Asia, part of Africa, from the western-most of which run two sources
of the Nile which soon unite, while from the central mountain, through which
runs the upper course of the main branch of the Nile, a river flows southward
to the Ocean.
Regarding the outline of the coasts, a considerable improvement can be observed
in respect of Europe in comparison with printed Ptolemaic maps of the 15th
century, particularly in regard to the position of Italy which is altered
to a more northwesterly and southeasterly direction, instead of the usual
excessive west-easterly direction, and also in regard to the better representation
of the British Isles, in particular, the omission of the northern part of
the main island Iying in a west-easterly direction at a right angle to England.
Also Scandinavia, which was usually lacking or, as in the Ulm edition of
Ptolemy in a special map of the northern countries, was represented as an
island, appears here for the first time on a printed map in the shape of
a natural peninsula. The representation of Greenland (bearing for the first
time a name on a printed map) almost conforms to that in the above cited
special map of the North: it is a peninsula of the Eurasian continent bearing
the name of "Engrovelant", probably a mutilation of the name due
to the copyist's error, a frequent occurrence in the 15th century. In Asia,
we are surprised at the correct representation of the Caspian Sea, unlike
that in all other manuscript maps. Even in Fra Mauro's map of 1450
(Slide #249) only the shape, but not the orientation,
of this sea is true to reality. The inclusion of an earthly Paradise at
the easternmost limit of the explored world and the four rivers taking their
sources there conform to the medieval Christian conception of the world
and is encountered in nearly all manuscript maps from Cosmas Indicopleustes
(6th century,Slide
#202 ) to Andrea Bianco (1436, Slide #241), as
well as in map-incunabula of the monastic type (see above). The representation
of the south coast of Asia differs considerably from that in most contemporary
medieval maps, especially in Ptolemaic maps; in this respect the author
approaches Idrisi's conception (Slide #219), that
of the Catalan-Estense world map (about 1450, Modena, Slide
#246), and that of Fra Mauro's map (Slide
#249), for he represents only the smaller Indian peninsulas and not
the big Ptolemaic Aurea Chersonesus.
An obvious and retrograde feature of the map, when compared to earlier maps,
is that no consideration is given to the discoveries made in East Asia by
medieval Italian explorers. In the representation of Africa the author was
evidently guided by two leading principles: on the one hand, adherence to
Ptolemy's viewpoint as regards the land connection of South Africa and East
Asia, and on the other hand, consideration of the recent discoveries made
by the Portuguese on the west coast of Africa, which, however, in no wise
contradict Ptolemy's conception ( Slide #119). It
would be vain to compare separate bays and points of the west African coast
on the map with the actual ones in order to find out how much of the Portuguese
discoveries was known to our author. The general impression can be gathered,
however, that the navigation round the Bay of Biafra (1475: Cabo de Catarina
22 degrees south latitude was reached by Ruy Sequeira) was the last achievement
in the exploration of the west coast of Africa recorded by the map. Later
discoveries, made by Diogo Cão (1482-85) as far as Cape Cross (approximately
22 degrees south latitude) were certainly unknown to the author of the map.
Regarding the sources of the Nile, the author tries to connect Ptolemy's
point of view with the medieval one based on a certain interpretation of
the Bible (the four rivers of Paradise: the Pison [Fison =
Ganges)] the Gihon [Nile], the Hiddekce [Tigris] and the Euphrates),
and shows one of them, flowing from the Lake of Paradise, running
through the whole length of Africa and uniting the other sources coming
from the mountains only in the middle of the Continent.
Italy can with some certainty be considered to be the land of this map's
provenance. Copper-engraved maps were not produced in any other country
in the Middle Ages and, besides, at that time Italy was the only country
where cartographic style had, under the influence of the Renaissance, develope(l
such clear and classical lines and rejected all Gothic ornaments, as shown
in this circular world map. Considering that, on the small space which the
map has available for legends, Venetie is the only province in Italy
bearing a name, it can be assumed with most probability that Venice was
the place of its production, especially as this town simultaneously presented
the world with another outstanding set of printed maps, i.e., the Isolario
of Bartolomeo dalli Sonetti, not to mention Fra Mauro's large hand-illuminated
world map produced at an earlier date. As the map has neither title nor
legends, it can be presumed that it was designed as an appendix to a printed
book of average format, e.g., an edition of Ptolemy, Solinus, or the like.
Its maker, in contrast to his contemporaries Hanns Rust and Hanns Sporer,
must have been not only a highly educated humanist, but even a person of
independent opinions, who, notwithstanding his belief in the tradition of
the Bible and his veneration of Ptolemy's authority, was receptive to the
progress in knowledge of the late Middle Ages. He had naturally made use
of all the data available to him from verbal, literary and cartographic
sources, access to which was probably attended with great difficulty considering
that many of the maps (portolans) extant in those days, particularly
manuscript, were kept secret. However, he wholly suppressed those representations
which contradicted his Christian conception of the world, e.g., Marco Polo's
revelations (especially in respect of the eastward course of the rivers
in eastern Asia, as this was incompatible with the Biblical rivers flowing
from Paradise south and westward). The author did not share the view of
some of the medieval cartographers, as known to us, that Africa was divided
from Asia by a more or less wide and open ocean, because he probably regarded
Ptolemy as more trustworthy than Herodotus or Idrisi; for the rest, the
difference between his representation of Africa and that of Idrisi and his
adherents, regarding the southern extremity of Africa protruding far out
to the east and the chain of islands adjacent to it stretching out in the
direction of southeastern Asia, is not so great.
From the latest data recorded on the map, in particular the representation
of Guinea, bearing in mind that a certain interval in time had to elapse
between the date of a discovery and its recording on a map, and from the
technique of the copper-engraving and quality of the paper, the date of
the appearance of the map can be fixed at the middle eighties of the I5th
century.
Summarizing, it can be said that this map, in spite of many discrepancies,
represents an important milestone in the history of cartography. It is the
first (and perhaps the only 15th century) printed world map showing a part
of the New World (Greenland), though somewhat incorrectly drawn, and the
discoveries of the Portuguese on the west coast of Africa. Deviating from
the ordinary type of map with the hardly understandable Ptolemaic projection
and from the Gothic map of the monastic type overcrowded with ornaments,
this map gives us, on a small scale, an idea of the outline of the world,
as it presented itself in the last phase of the Middle Ages.
A work based on a critical and subtle combination of the available source-materials,
and not on the copies of antique and medieval maps customary in those days,
ought to be appreciated as a real achievement in geographic science. It
adds a new leaf to the wreath of fame crowning the Italian art of cartography.
LOCATION: E. Woldan Collection, Vienna
REFERENCES:
*Shirley, R.W., The Mapping of the World, pp. 13-14, plate 22.
*Woldan, E., "A circular, copper-engraved, medieval world map",
Imago Mundi, 1954.