A few days ago, on Sol 33, the Martian Rover "Opportunity" was commanded to roll forward to begin intensive investigation of a small section of the rocky outcrop, rimming this small crater that it's been exploring in a region of Mars, called "Meridiani Planum," since shortly after it landed there, January 25th . The overall, few inches high outcrop, which spans approximately 180 degrees of the crater's interior, has been dubbed by the JPL Rover Team "Opportunity Ledge." The specific section that Opportunity was ordered to investigate last week is about in the middle of this outcrop (left), is approximately ten inches high, and was named by the Team "El Capitan."
Preparatory to actually
drilling into El Capitan and making detailed composition
measurements with the array of sophisticated instruments on the
Rover's "arm," Opportunity was commanded to take a series of
close-up Microscopic Images of the untouched surface of the rock
with the B&W CCD camera attached to the arm. One of those images
(1M131201699EFF0500P29933M2M1.jpg) revealed an amazing sight
(right). A potential Martian
fossil !
They promptly ground it into powder … right before our eyes (PanCAm color image, left)!
As the second Microscopic Image (1M131212854EFF0500P2959M2M1.jpg), taken immediately after this grinding operation clearly shows (right), rather than move the grinder (technically called the "Rock Abrasion Tool" – RAT) a couple of inches to the left or right, the grinding of the rock took place directly over this astonishing fossil-looking object …. Totally obliterating it.
The
raw "before" and "after" images of this
wanton and inexplicable destruction can still be seen at the
JPL Mars
Exploration Rover Mission homepage. Quoting from one correspondent, James Calhoun:
The images Jim included
with his e-mail "knocked our socks off," as the saying goes. Chosen from "A Beginners Guide To Identifying Cincinnatian Crinoids," by Jack Kallmeyer, they clearly showed that the fossilized Martian "creature" we'd discovered on this series of Opportunity's Microscopic Images for Sol 33, shared an amazing number of specific characteristics with one "Ordovician Crinoid Retercrinus Alvealatus" (rigth-top).
Other images Mr. Calhoun sent us revealed even further similarities (right-bottom).
Among the many responses to our posting of this extraordinary terrestrial fossil analog, was one from our long-time friend and colleague, Ron Nicks. Ron, as you may remember, is one of our Enterprise consulting geologists, who's written a number of thoughtful analyses on prior NASA missions and results.
For several days prior to this, Ron and I had been arguing back an forth via e-mail about the "Martian blueberries" that Jim Calhoun alluded to – those curiously spherical, highly uniform "somethings" that litter the Opportunity crater … literally, in the millions. As seen in this PanCam color image (left), not only are these mysterious objects amazingly abundant and apparently contained within the rocks (until released through slow erosion), in properly calibrated images they are actually blue (contrary to the Rover Science Team Principal Investigator Stephen Squyres' increasingly curious denials at NASA press conferences, "They're NOT blue …" -- after it was he who originally termed them "blueberries" …).
In fact, other than noting their great profusion and color, the major mystery of "what are they, really?" – the most obvious "anomalous features" of this entire Martian landscape -- had not been publicly addressed directly by the Rover Science Team … even after a full month at Meridiani Planum.
Ron had been arguing that the "berries" were also some kind of preserved life form, specifically representative of a separate Class of marine invertebrate animals (now extinct on Earth) called "blastoids." Fossilized blastoids (commonly called "fossil Rose Buds" or "Hickory Nuts" in the southeastern United States – where a lot of their fossils have been found) at first glance resemble a hard fruit common to many current trees. In fact, they are the partially petrified remains of a marine organism which (like the Crinoids– see left) stood above the sea floor on a long, segmented "stem" and gathered food from the surrounding currents with a waving set of tentacles (rarely preserved) called "pinnules" (left)
One common blastoid form, because of its striking five-sided symmetry (left-fig.2), is called "Pentremites."
When Opportunity rolled up and took its first close in PanCam color images of a feature of "Opportunity Ledge" called "Stone Mountain" (right-fig.4), the spacecraft was also commanded to acquire Microscopic Images at the same time (right-fig.1)
Notice on the MI image (left-fig.3), the series of extremely thin, parallel, sedimentary layers in this rocky outcrop (1M129516156EFF0312P2933M2M1.jpg), which also includes a couple of dangling "Martian blueberries," partially exposed.
Ron, in examining the "blueberries" on several of these and other close-ups, believed he'd spotted the tell tale, five-sided signature of Pentremites!
In a carefully composited color version of this same image, created by another Enterprise associate, Jill England, the details of some "berries" become clear. As you enlarge the "berries," distinct hints of five-sided, geometric surface features – eerily similar to fossilized terrestrial blastoids – finally do appear (right).
Though eroded by unknown length of exposure to the Martian winds and sands – which over time have almost removed all surface markings and relief -- enough remains to make some interesting comparisons ….
Based on his paleontological experience, Ron had been arguing for days that these tantalizing clues pointed to a fossil explanation for the mysterious "blueberries" – as opposed to the strictly geological explanations being officially advanced by the Rover Science Team. While intrigued, I was not convinced ….
Then—
What are the odds of two independent experts – who have never met, let alone
talked to one another on this subject! – separately identifying this
specific crinoid's fossil on a random Martian image ... and then, the
precise region on Earth where it's counterpart is found?!
UCLA's "astrobiology" website features several Crinoid reconstructions through geological time, some (left) carefully detailing their various components. The section of our fossilized Martian equivalent -- apparently captured in the Opportunity Microscopic Image from Sol 33 -- was the base of the "cup" and a small portion of one segmented "arm" (compare images left and right). The other arms, which were used to gather food from the underwater ocean currents when the organism was alive, apparently had eroded away (or been blasted away by the creation of this Martian crater) … long before NASA's Opportunity Rover landed in the crater and took the specific image ….
The mysteries presented by this astonishing discovery are far too complex to
even begin to explore in any depth here. But a few questions seem in order
….
Given that this is real, that all of us now who have independently looked at
this, and come to the same conclusion -- that this could in fact be a
genuine Martian fossil at Maridiani Planum -- are not delusional … what
could it mean?
Crinoids lived in ocean water – ranging from a few feet deep to several miles – anchoring their stems on the ocean floor and feeding on whatever nutrients drifted by. If you look at a combined map of where JPL landed its two Rovers, and the Odyssey GRS orbital determination of water abundance in the upper one meter of Martian soil, a glance will suffice to show the Rovers are indeed exploring none other than the shallows of our two proposed equatorial Martian tidal oceans (right)! Almost as if that had been planned …
It takes almost no imagination (so, even the current Rover Team might handle
it …) to picture this site several million years ago (left) -- a quiet
tidal pool, filled with gently waving creatures of the sea… until one day,
something extraordinary happened… and this pool and all of Mars forever
changed. The fact that our small Martian creature seems identical to the Crinoids which once dominated Earth's terrestrial oceans is astounding. That fact alone – if it is a fact – means that something is radically wrong with our current view of biological, if not planetary, evolution. Verifying that simple fact would seem now to be the highest priority for a space program about to undertake significant new challenges… including multi-generational planning for human flights to Mars.
It is so easy to invoke the idea of "parallel evolution" to explain this
astonishing development. But is such a concept – especially on two totally
different planets, with totally differing environments and histories -- even
plausible science fiction… let alone scientific fact? Could not one just as
easily invoke the intervention of an "outside agency" – including a
Creator
-- to explain the appearance, on these two separate worlds, of a species
essentially identical in function and in form …?
... four years ago?!
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