2 - IT CAME FROM
OUTER SPACE
“It was Voyager [project] that
focused our attention on the importance of collisions,”
acknowledged Edward Stone of the California Institute of
Technology (Caltech), the chief scientist of the Voyager
program.
“The cosmic crashes were potent sculptors of the Solar
System.”
The Sumerians made clear, 6,000 years
earlier, the very same fact. Central to their cosmogony, world view,
and religion was a cataclysmic event that they called the Celestial
Battle. It was an event to which references were made in
miscellaneous Sumerian texts, hymns, and proverbs—just as we find in
the Bible’s books of Psalms, Proverbs, Job, and various others. But
the Sumerians also described the event in detail, step by step, in a
long text that required seven tablets. Of its Sumerian original only
fragments and quotations have been found; the mostly complete text
has reached us in the Akkadian language, the language of the
Assyrians and Babylonians who followed the Sumerians in Mesopotamia.
The text deals with the formation of the Solar System prior to the
Celestial Battle and even more so with the nature, causes, and
results of that awesome collision. And, with a single cosmogonic
premise, it explains puzzles that still baffle our astronomers and
astrophysicists. Even more important, whenever these modern
scientists have come upon a satisfactory answer—it fits and
corroborates the Sumerian one!
Until the Voyager discoveries, the prevailing scientific viewpoint
considered the Solar System as we see it today as the way it had
taken shape soon after its beginning, formed by immutable laws of
celestial motion and the force of gravity.
There have been oddballs, to be sure—meteorites that come
from somewhere and collide with the stable members of the
Solar System, pockmarking them with craters, and comets that zoom
about in greatly elongated orbits, appearing from somewhere and
disappearing, it seems, to nowhere. But these examples of cosmic
debris, it has been assumed, go back to the very beginning of the
Solar System, some 4.5 billion years ago, and are pieces of
planetary matter that failed to be incorporated into the planets or
their moons and rings. A little more baffling has been the asteroid
belt, a band of rocks that forms an orbiting chain between Mars and
Jupiter. According to Bode’s law, an empirical rule that explains
why the planets formed where they did, there should have been a
planet, at least twice the size of Earth, between Mars and Jupiter.
Is the orbiting debris of the asteroid belt the remains of such a
planet?
The affirmative answer is plagued by two problems: the total
amount of matter in the asteroid belt does not add up to the
mass of such a planet, and there is no plausible explanation
for what might have caused the breakup of such a hypothetical
planet; if a celestial collision—when, with what, and why?
The scientists had no answer.
The realization that there had to be one or more major collisions
that changed the Solar System from its initial form became
inescapable after the Uranus flyby in 1986, as Dr. Stone has
admitted. That Uranus was lilted on its side was already known from
telescopic and other instrumental observations even before the
Voyager encounter. But was it formed that way from the very
beginning, or did some external force—a forceful collision or
encounter with another major celestial body—bring about the tilting?
The answer had to be provided by the closeup examination of the
moons of Uranus by Voyager 2. The fact that these moons swirl around
the equator of Uranus in its tilted position—forming, all together,
a kind of bull’s-eye facing the Sun (Fig. 7)—made scientists wonder
whether these moons were there at the time of the tilting event, or
whether they formed after the event, perhaps from matter thrown out
by the force of the collision that tilted Uranus.
Figure 7
The theoretical basis for the answer was enunciated, prior to the
encounter with Uranus, among others by Dr. Christian Veillet of the
French Centre d’Etudes et des Recherches Geodynamiques. If the moons
formed at the same time as Uranus, the celestial “raw material” from
which they agglomerated should have condensed the heavier matter
nearer the planet; there should be more of heavier, rocky material
and thinner ice coats on the inner moons and a lighter combination
of materials (more water ice, less rocks) on the outer moons. By the
same principle of the distribution of material in the Solar System—a
larger proportion of heavier matter nearer the Sun, more of the
lighter matter (in a “gaseous” state) farther out—the moons of the
more distant Uranus should be proportionately lighter than those of
the nearer Saturn.
But the findings revealed a situation contrary to these
expectations. In the comprehensive summary reports on the Uranus
encounter, published in Science, July 4, 1986, a team of forty
scientists concluded that the densities of the Uranus moons (except
for that of the moon Miranda)’ ‘are significantly heavier than those
of the icy satellites of Saturn.” Likewise, the Voyager 2 data
showed—again contrary to what “should have
been”—that the two larger inner moons of Uranus, Ariel and
Umbriel,
are lighter in composition (thick, icy layers; small, rocky cores)
than the outer moons Titania and Oberon, which were discovered to be
made mostly of heavy rocky material and had only thin coats of ice.
These findings by Voyager 2 were not the only clues suggesting that
the moons of Uranus were not formed at the same time as the planet
itself but rather some lime later, in unusual circumstances. Another
discovery that puzzled the scientists was that the rings of Uranus
were pitch-black, “blacker than coal dust,” presumably composed of
“carbon-rich material, a sort of primordial tar scavenged from outer
space” (the emphasis is mine). These dark rings, warped, tilted, and
“bizarrely elliptical,” were quite unlike the symmetrical bracelets
of icy particles circling Saturn. Pitch-black also were six of the
new moonlets discovered at Uranus, some acting as “shepherds” for
the rings.
The obvious conclusion was that the rings and moonlets
were formed from the debris of a “violent event in Uranus’s past.”
Assistant project scientist at JPL Ellis Miner stated it in simpler
words:
“A likely possibility is that an interloper from outside the
Uranus system came in and struck a once larger moon sufficiently
hard to have fractured it.”
The theory of a catastrophic celestial
collision as the event that could explain all the odd phenomena on
Uranus and its moons and rings was further strengthened by the
discovery that the boulder-size black debris that forms the Uranus
rings circles the planet once every eight hours—a speed that is
twice the speed of the planet’s own revolution around its axis. This
raises the question, how was this much-higher speed imparted to the
debris in the rings?
Based on all the preceding data, the probability of a celestial
collision emerged as the only plausible answer.
“We must take into
account the strong possibility that satellite formation conditions
were affected by the event that created Uranus’s large obliquity,”
the forty-strong team of scientists stated.
In simpler words, it
means that in all probability the moons in question were created as
a result of the collision that knocked Uranus on its side. In press
conferences the NASA scientists were more audacious.
“A collision
with something the size of Earth, traveling at about 40,000 miles
per hour, could have done it,” they
said, speculating that it probably happened about four billion years
ago.
Astronomer Garry Hunt of the Imperial College, London, summed it up
in seven words:
“Uranus took an almighty bang early on.”
But neither in the verbal briefings nor in the long written reports
was an attempt made to suggest what the “something” was, where it
had come from, and how it happened to collide with, or bang into,
Uranus.
For those answers, we will have to go back to the Sumerians....
Before we turn from knowledge acquired in the late 1970s and 1980s
to what was known 6,000 years earlier, one more aspect of the puzzle
should be looked into: Are the oddities at Neptune the result of
collisions, or ‘ ‘bangs,” unrelated to those of Uranus—or were they
all the result of a single catastrophic event that affected all the
outer planets?
Before the Voyager 2 flyby of Neptune, the planet was known to have
only two satellites, Nereid and Triton. Nereid was found to have a
peculiar orbit: it was unusually tilted compared with the planet’s
equatorial plane (as much as 28 degrees) and was very
eccentric—orbiting the planet not in a near-circular path but in a
very elongated one, which takes the moon as far as six million miles
from Neptune and as close as one million miles to the planet.
Nereid, although of a size that by planetary-formation rules should
be spherical, has an odd shape like that of a twisted doughnut. It
also is bright on one side and pitch-black on the other.
All these
peculiarities have led Martha W. Schaefer and Bradley E. Schaefer,
in a major study on the subject published in Nature magazine (June
2, 1987) to conclude that,
“Nereid accreted into a moon around
Neptune or another planet and that both it and Triton were knocked
into their peculiar orbits by some large body or planet.”
“Imagine,”
Brad Schaefer noted, “that at one time Neptune had an ordinary
satellite system like that of Jupiter or Saturn; then some massive
body comes into the system and perturbs things a lot.”
The dark material that shows up on one side of Nereid could be
explained in one of two ways—but both require a collision in the scenario. Either an impact on one side of the
satellite swept off an existing darker layer there, uncovering
lighter material below the surface, or the dark matter belonged to
the impacting body and “went splat on one side of Nereid.” That the
latter possibility is the more plausible is suggested by the
discovery, announced by the JPL team on August 29, 1989, that all
the new satellites (six more) found by Voyager 2 at Neptune “are
very dark” and “all have irregular shapes,” even the moon designated
1989N1, whose size normally would have made it spherical.
The theories regarding Triton and its elongated and retrograde
(clockwise) orbit around Neptune also call for a collision event.
Writing in the highly prestigious magazine Science on the eve of the
Voyager 2 encounter with Neptune, a team of Caltech scientists (P.
Goldberg, N. Murray. P. Y. Longaretti, and D. Banfield) postulated
that,
“Triton was captured from a heliocentric orbit”—from an orbit
around the Sun—“as a result of a collision with what was then one of
Neptune’s regular satellites.”
In this scenario the original small
Neptune satellite “would have been devoured by Triton,” but the
force of the collision would have been such that it dissipated
enough of Triton’s orbital energy to slow it down and be captured by
Neptune’s gravity.
Another theory, according to which Triton was an
original satellite of Neptune, was shown by this study to be faulty
and unable to withstand critical analysis. The data collected by
Voyager 2 from the actual flyby of Triton supported this theoretical
conclusion. It also was in accord with other studies (as by David
Stevenson of Caltech) that showed that Triton’s internal heat and
surface features could be explained only in terms of a collision in
which Triton was captured into orbit around Neptune.
“Where did these impacting bodies come from?” rhetorically asked
Gene Shoemaker, one of NASA’s scientists, on the NOVA television
program.
But the question was left without an answer. Unanswered too
was the question of whether the cataclysms at Uranus and Neptune
were aspects of a single event or were unconnected incidents.
It is not ironic but gratifying to find that the answers to all
these puzzles were provided by the ancient Sumerian texts and that all the data discovered or confirmed by
the Voyager flights uphold and corroborate the Sumerian information
and my presentation and interpretation thereof in The 12th Planet.
The Sumerian texts speak of a single but comprehensive event. Their
texts explain more than what modern astronomers have been trying to
explain regarding the outer planets. The ancient texts also explain
matters closer to home, such as the origin of the Earth and its
Moon, of the Asteroid Belt and the comets. The texts then go on to
relate a tale that combines the credo of the Creationists with the
theory of Evolution, a tale that offers a more successful
explanation than either modern conception of what happened on Earth
and how Man and his civilization came about.
It all began, the Sumerian texts relate, when the Solar System was
still young.
The Sun (APSU in the Sumerian texts, meaning “One Who
Exists from the Beginning”), its little companion MUM. MU (“One Who
Was Born,” our Mercury) and farther away TI.AMAT (“Maiden of Life”)
were the first members of the Solar System; it gradually expanded by
the “birth” of three planetary pairs, the planets we call Venus and
Mars between Mummu and Tiamat, the giant pair Jupiter and Saturn (to
use their modern names) beyond Tiamat, and Uranus and Neptune
farther out (Fig. 8).
Fig. 8
Into this original Solar System, still unstable soon after its
formation (I estimated the time about four billion years ago), an
Invader appeared. The Sumerians called it NIBIRU; the Babylonians
renamed it Marduk in honor of their national god. It appeared from
outer space, from “the Deep,” in the words of the ancient text. But
as it approached the outer planets of our Solar System, it began to
be drawn into it. As expected, the first outer planet to attract
Nibiru with its gravitational pull was Neptune—E.A (“He Whose House
Is Water”) in Sumerian. “He who begot him was Ea,” the ancient text
explained.
Nibiru/Marduk itself was a sight to behold; alluring, sparkling,
lofty, lordly are some of the adjectives used to describe
it. Sparks and flashes bolted from it to Neptune and Uranus as
it passed near them. It might have arrived with its own satellites
already orbiting it, or it might have acquired some as a result
of the gravitational pull of the outer planets. The ancient text
speaks of its “perfect members. . .difficult to perceive”—“four were his eyes, four were his ears.”
As it passed near Ea/Neptune, Nibiru/Marduk’s side began to bulge
“as though he had a second head.” Was it then that the bulge was
torn away to become Neptune’s moon Triton?
One aspect that speaks strongly for this is the fact that
Nibiru/Marduk entered the Solar System in a retrograde (clockwise)
orbit, counter to that of the other planets (Fig. 9).
Figure 9
Only
this Sumerian detail, according to which the invading planet was
moving counter to the orbital motion of all the other planets, can
explain the retrograde motion of Triton, the highly elliptical
orbits of other satellites and comets, and the other major events
that we have yet to tackle.
More satellites were created as Nibiru/Marduk passed by Anu/Uranus.
Describing this passing of Uranus, the text states that “Anu brought
forth and begot the four winds”—as clear a reference as one could
hope for to the four major moons of Uranus that were formed, we now
know, only during the collision that tilted Uranus. At the same time
we learn from a later passage in the ancient text that Nibiru/Marduk
himself gained three satellites as a result of this encounter.
Although the Sumerian texts describe how, after its eventual capture
into solar orbit, Nibiru/Marduk revisited the outer planets and
eventually shaped them into the system as we know it today, the very
first encounter already explains the various puzzles that modern
astronomy faced or still faces regarding Neptune, Uranus, their
moons, and their rings.
Past Neptune and Uranus, Nibiru/Marduk was
drawn even more into the midst of the planetary system as it reached
the immense gravitational pulls of Saturn (AN.SHAR, “Foremost of the
Heavens”) and Jupiter (KI.SHAR, “Foremost of the Firm Lands”). As
Nibiru/Marduk “approached and stood as though
in combat” near Anshar/Saturn, the two planets “kissed their lips.”
It was then that the “destiny,” the orbital path, of Nibiru/Marduk
was changed forever. It was also then that the chief satellite of
Saturn, GA.GA (the eventual Pluto), was pulled away in the direction
of Mars and Venus—a direction possible only by the retrograde force
of Nibiru/Marduk. Making a vast elliptical orbit, Gaga eventually
returned to the outermost reaches of the Solar System.
There it
“addressed” Neptune and Uranus as it passed their orbits on the
swing back. It was the beginning of the process by which Gaga was to
become our Pluto, with its inclined and peculiar orbit that
sometimes takes it between Neptune and Uranus. The new “destiny,” or
orbital path, of Nibiru/Marduk was now irrevocably set toward the
olden planet Tiamat. At that time, relatively early in the formation
of the Solar System, it was marked by instability, especially (we
learn from the text) in the region of Tiamat. While other planets
nearby were still wobbling in their orbits, Tiamat was pulled in
many directions by the two giants beyond her and the two smaller
planets between her and the Sun.
One result was the tearing off her,
or the gathering around her, of a “host” of satellites “furious with
rage,” in the poetic language of the text (named by scholars the
Epic of Creation). These satellites, “roaring monsters,” were
“clothed with terror” and “crowned with halos,” swirling furiously
about and orbiting as though they were “celestial gods”—planets.
Most dangerous to the stability or safety of the other planets was
Tiamat’s “leader of the host,” a large satellite that grew to almost
planetary size and was about to attain its independent “destiny”—its
own orbit around the Sun. Tiamat “cast a spell for him, to sit among
the celestial gods she exalted him.” It was called in Sumerian
KIN.GU—“Great Emissary.” Now the text raised the curtain on the
unfolding drama; I have recounted it, step by step, in
The 12th
Planet. As in a Greek tragedy, the ensuing “celestial battle” was
unavoidable as gravitational and magnetic forces came inexorably
into play, leading to the collision between the oncoming Nibiru/Marduk
with its seven satellites (“winds” in the ancient text) and Tiamat
and its “host” of eleven satellites headed by Kingu.
Figure 10
Although they were headed on a collision course,
Tiamat
orbiting counterclockwise and Nibiru/Marduk clockwise, the
two planets did not collide—a fact of cardinal astronomical
importance. It was the satellites, or “winds,” (literal Sumerian
meaning: “Those that are by the side”) of Nibiru/Marduk that smashed
into Tiatnat and collided with her satellites.
In the first such encounter (Fig. 10),
the first phase of the
Celestial Battle, The four winds he stationed that nothing of her could escape: The South Wind, the North Wind, the East Wind, the West Wind. Close to his side he held the net, the gift of his grandfather Anu who brought forth the Evil Wind,
the
Whirlwind and the Hurricane. . . . He sent forth the winds which he had created, the seven of them; to
trouble Tiamat within they rose up behind him. These “winds,” or satellites, of Nibiru/Marduk,
“the seven of them,”
were the principal “weapons” with which Tiamat
was attacked in the
first phase of the Celestial Battle (Fig. 10). But the invading planet had other “weapons” too: In front of him he set the lightning, with a blazing flame he filled his body; He then made a net to enfold Tiamat therein. . . . A fearsome halo his head was turbaned.
He was wrapped with awesome terror as with a cloak. As the two
planets and their hosts of satellites came close enough for Nibiru/Marduk
to “scan the inside of Tiamat” and ‘ ‘perceive the scheme of Kingu,”
Nibiru/ Marduk attacked Tiamat with his “net” (magnetic field?) to
“enfold her,” shooting at the old planet immense bolts of
electricity (“divine lightnings”). Tiamat “was filled with
brilliance”—slowing down, heating up, “becoming distended.” Wide
gaps opened in its crust, perhaps emitting steam and volcanic
matter. Into one widening fissure Nibiru/Marduk thrust one of its
main satellites, the one called “Evil Wind.” It tore Tiamat’s
“belly, cut through her insides, splitting her heart.”
Besides splitting up Tiamat and “extinguishing her life,” the first
encounter sealed the fate of the moonlets orbiting her—all except
the planetlike Kingu. Caught in the “net”—the magnetic and
gravitational pull—of Nibiru/Marduk, “shattered, broken up,” the
members of the “band of Tiamat” were thrown off their previous
course and forced into new orbital paths in the opposite direction:
“Trembling with fear, they turned their backs about.”
Thus were the comets created—thus, we learn from a 6,000-year-old
text, did the comets obtain their greatly elliptical and retrograde
orbits. As to Kingu, Tiamat’s principal satellite, the text informs
us that in that first phase of the celestial collision Kingu was
just deprived of its almost-independent orbit. Nibiru/Marduk took
away from him his “destiny.”
Nibiru/ Marduk made Kingu into a
DUG.GA.E, “a mass of lifeIt Came from Outer Space 35 less clay,”
devoid of atmosphere, waters and radioactive matter and shrunken in
size; and “with fetters bound him,” to remain in orbit around the
battered Tiamal. Having vanquished Tiamat, Nibiru/Marduk sailed on
on his new “destiny.” The Sumerian text leaves no doubt that the
erstwhile invader orbited the Sun:
He crossed the heavens and surveyed the regions, and Apsu’s quarter
he measured; The Lord the dimensions of the Apsu measured.
Having circled the Sun
(Apsu),
Nibiru/Marduk continued into distant space.
But now, caught
forever in solar orbit, it had to turn back.
On his return round,
Ea/Neptune was there to greet him
and Anshar/Saturn hailed his
victory.
Then his new orbital path returned him
to the scene of the
Celestial Battle, “turned back to Tiamat whom he had bound.”
The
Lord paused to view her lifeless body. To divide the monster he then artfully planned.
Then, as a mussel, he split her into two parts. With this act the
creation of “the heaven” reached its final stage, and the creation
of Earth and its Moon began. First the new impacts broke Tiamat into
two halves. The upper part, her “skull,” was struck by the Nibiru/Marduk
satellite called North Wind; the blow carried it, and with it Kingu,
“to places that have been unknown”—to a brand-new orbit where there
had not been a planet before. The Earth and our Moon were created
(Fig. 11)!
The other half of Tiamat was smashed by the impacts into bits and
pieces.
This lower half, her “tail,” was “hammered together”
to
become a “bracelet” in the heavens:
Locking the pieces together, as watchmen he stationed them. . . . He bent Tiamat’s tail to form the Great Band as a bracelet. Thus was “the Great Band,” the Asteroid Belt, created.
Figure 11
Having disposed of Tiamat and Kingu, Nibiru/Marduk once
again “crossed the heavens and surveyed the regions.” This time his
attention was focused on the “Dwelling of Ea” (Neptune), giving that
planet and its twinlike Uranus their final makeup. Nibiru/Marduk
also, according to the ancient text, provided Gaga/Pluto with its
final “destiny,” assigning to it “a hidden place”—a hitherto unknown
part of the heavens.
It was farther out than Neptune’s location; it
was, we are told, “in the Deep”—far out in space. In line with its
new position as the outermost planet, it was granted a new name: US.MI—“He Who Shows the Way,” the first planet encountered coming into the
Solar System—that is, from outer space toward the Sun.
Thus was Pluto created and put into the orbit it now holds.
Figure 12
Having thus “constructed the stations” for the planets, NiIbiru/Marduk made two “abodes” for itself. One was in the
“Firmament,” as the asteroid belt was also called in the ancient
texts; the other far out “in the Deep” was called the “Great/Distant
Abode,” alias E.SHARRA (“Abode/Home of the Ruler/Prince”). Modern
astronomers call these two planetary positions the perigee (the
orbital point nearest the Sun) and the apogee (the farthest one)
(Fig. 12). It is an orbit, as concluded from the evidence amassed in
The 12th Planet, that takes 3,600 Earth-years to complete.
Thus did the Invader that came from outer space become the twelfth
member of the Solar System, a system made up of the Sun in the
center, with its longtime companion Mercury; the three olden pairs
(Venus and Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, Uranus and Neptune); the Earth
and the Moon, the remains of the great Tiamat, though in a new
position; the newly independent Pluto; and the planet that put it
all into final shape, Nibiru/Marduk (Fig. 13).
Figure 13
Modern astronomy and recent discoveries uphold and corroborate this
millennia-old tale.
WHEN EARTH HAD NOT BEEN FORMED
In 1766 J. D. Titius proposed and in 1772 Johann Elert Bode
popularized what became known as “Bode’s law,” which showed that
planetary distances follow, more or less, the progression 0, 2, 4,
8, 16, etc., if the formula is manipulated by multiplying by 3,
adding 4, and dividing by 10. Using as a measure the astronomical
unit (AU), which is the distance of Earth from the Sun, the formula
indicates that there should be a planet between Mars and Jupiter
(the asteroids are found there) and a planet beyond Saturn (Uranus
was discovered).
The formula shows tolerable deviations up until one
reaches Uranus but gets out of whack from Neptune on.
Bode’s law, which was arrived at empirically, thus uses Earth as its
arithmetic starting point. But according to the Sumerian cosmogony,
at the beginning there was Tiamat between Mars and Jupiter, whereas
Earth had not yet formed.
Dr. Amnon Sitchin has pointed out that if
Bode’s law is stripped of its arithmetical devices and only the
geometric progression is retained, the formula works just as well if
Earth is omitted—thus confirming Sumerian cosmogony:
Planet |
Distance from Sun (miles) |
Ratio of Increase
|
Mercury
Venus
Mars
Asteroids (Ti.Amat)
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus |
36,250,000
67,200,000
141,700,000
260,400,000
484,000,000
887,100,000
1.783,900,000 |
—
1.85
2.10
1.84
1.86
1.83
2.01 |
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