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Thule as Tile on the Carta Marina by Olaus Magnus.
Thule (also Thula, Thyle, Thile, Thila, Tile, Tila, Tilla, Tyle, or
Tylen—being Θούλη in Greek) is in classic sources a place, usually
an island. Ancient European descriptions and maps locate it either
in the far north, often northern Britain or Scandinavia, or in the
west and north, often Iceland or Greenland. Otherwise it is
Saaremaa
in the Baltic Sea.
Ultima Thule in medieval geographies may also denote any distant
place located beyond the "borders of the known world."
Regarding pronunciation Joanna Kavenna [1] writes that the name has
been pronounced most frequently as Thoolay rather than Thool. "Poets
rhymed Thule with newly, truly and unruly, but never, it seemed,
with drool."
Ancient Geography
The Greek explorer Pytheas is the first to have written of Thule,
doing so in his now lost work, On the Ocean, after his travels
between 330 and 320 BCE. Descriptions of some of his discoveries
have survived in the works of later, often skeptical, authors.
For example Polybius in his Histories (c. 140 BCE), Book XXXIV,
cites Pytheas as one,
"who has led many people into error by saying
that he traversed the whole of Britain on foot, giving the island a
circumference of forty thousand stades, and telling us also about
Thule, those regions in which there was no longer any proper land
nor sea nor air, but a sort of mixture of all three of the
consistency of a jellyfish in which one can neither walk nor sail,
holding everything together, so to speak."
Strabo in his Geography (c. 30 CE), Book I, Chapter 4, mentions
Thule in describing Eratosthenes' calculation of,
"the breadth of the
inhabited world" and notes that Pytheas says it "is a six days' sail
north of Britain, and is near the frozen sea."
But he then doubts
this claim, writing that Pytheas has,
"been found, upon scrutiny, to
be an arch falsifier, but the men who have seen Britain and Ierne
[Ireland] do not mention Thule, though they speak of other islands,
small ones, about Britain."
Strabo adds the following in Book II,
Chapter 5:
Now Pytheas of Massilia tells us that Thule, the most northerly of
the Britannic Islands, is farthest north, and that there the circle
of the summer tropic is the same as the arctic circle. But from the
other writers I learn nothing on the subject—neither that there
exists a certain island by the name of Thule, nor whether the
northern regions are inhabitable up to the point where the summer
tropic becomes the arctic circle.
Strabo ultimately concludes, in Book IV, Chapter 5,
"Concerning
Thule, our historical information is still more uncertain, on
account of its outside position; for Thule, of all the countries
that are named, is set farthest north."
Nearly a half century later, in 77 CE,
Pliny the Elder published his
Natural History in which he also cites Pytheas' claim (in Book II,
Chapter 75) that Thule is a six-day sail north of Britain. Then,
when discussing the islands around Britain in Book IV, Chapter 16,
he writes:
"The farthest of all, which are known and spoke of, is
Thule; in which there be no nights at all, as we have declared,
about mid-summer, namely when the Sun passes through the sign
Cancer; and contrariwise no days in mid-winter: and each of these
times they suppose, do last six months, all day, or all night."
Finally, in refining the island's location, he places it along the
most northerly parallel of those he describes, writing in Book VI,
Chapter 34:
"Last of all is the Scythian parallel, from the Rhiphean hills into Thule: wherein (as we said) it is day and night
continually by turns (for six months)."
In the writings of the historian Procopius, from the first half of
the sixth century CE, Thule is a large island in the north inhabited
by twenty-five tribes. It is believed that Procopius is really
talking about a part of Scandinavia, since several tribes are easily
identified, including the Geats (Gautoi) and the Saami (Scrithiphini).
He also writes that when the Heruls returned, they passed the Varni
and the Danes and then crossed the sea to Thule, where they settled
beside the Geats.
Ancient Literature
A novel in Greek by Antonius Diogenes entitled The Wonders Beyond
Thule appeared c. 150 CE or earlier. Gerald N. Sandy, in the
introduction to his translation of Photius' ninth-century summary of
the work [2], surmises that Thule was "probably Iceland."
Early in the fifth century CE Claudian, in his poem, On the Fourth
Consulship of the Emperor Honorius, Book VIII, rhapsodizes on the
conquests of the emperor Theodosius, declaring that the,
"Orcades
[Orkney Islands] ran red with Saxon slaughter; Thule was warm with
the blood of Picts; ice-bound Hibernia [Ireland] wept for the heaps
of slain Scots."
This implies that Thule was Scotland. But in
Against Rufinias, the Second Poem, Claudian writes of "Thule lying
icebound beneath the pole-star."
Over time the known world came to be viewed as bounded in the east
by India and in the west by Thule, as expressed in the Consolation
of Philosophy (c. 524 CE) by Boethius.
For though the earth, as far as India's shore, tremble before the
laws you give, though Thule bow to your service on earth's farthest
bounds, yet if thou canst not drive away black cares, if thou canst
not put to flight complaints, then is no true power thine. [3]
Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages the name was sometimes used to denote
Greenland, Svalbard, or Iceland, such as by Bremen's Deeds of
Bishops of the Hamburg Church, where he probably cites old writers'
usage of Thule.
An anonymous poem [4], entitled Thule, printed between 1599 and
1610, describes it thus:
Thule, the period of cosmography,
Doth vaunt of Hecla, whose sulphureous fire Doth melt the frozen clime and thaw the sky;
Trinacrian Etna's flames ascend not higher. These things seem wondrous, yet more wondrous I,
Whose heart with fear doth freeze, with love doth fry.
The Andalusian merchant, that returns Laden with cochineal and China dishes,
Reports in Spain how strangely Fogo burns Amidst an ocean full of flying fishes.
These things seem wondrous, yet more wondrous I, Whose heart with fear doth freeze, with love doth fry.
Modern use
A municipality in North Greenland was formerly named Thule after the
mythical place. The Thule People, a paleo-Eskimo culture and a
predecessor of modern Inuit Greenlanders, was named after the Thule
region. In 1953, Thule became Thule Air Base, operated by United
States Air Force. The population was forced to resettle to Qaanaaq,
67 miles to the north. Hunting activities here are described in the
January 2006 National Geographic. (76 31'50.21"N, 68 42'36.13"W only
840 NM from the North Pole)
Southern Thule is a collection of the three southernmost islands in
the South Sandwich Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. The island
group is overseas territory of the United Kingdom and uninhabited.
"Aryan Thule"
Nazi mystics believed in historical Thule/Hyperborea as the ancient
origin of the Aryan race. The Traditionalist School expositor Rene
Guenon believed in the existence of ancient Thule on "initiatic
grounds alone". According to its emblem, the Thule Society was
founded in 1919. It had close links to the Deutsche Arbeiter Partei
(DAP), later the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP).
One of its three founder members was Lanz von Liebenfels
(1874-1954).
In his biography of Liebenfels ("Der Mann, der Hitler
die Ideen gab", Munich 1985), the Viennese psychologist and author
Dr Wilhelm Dahm wrote:
"The Thule Gesellschaft name originated from
mythical Thule, a Nordic equivalent of the vanished culture of
Atlantis. A race of giant supermen lived in Thule, linked into the
Cosmos through magical powers. They had psychic and technological
energies far exceeding the technical achievements of the 20th
century. This knowledge was to be put to use to save the Fatherland
and create a new race of Nordic Aryan Atlanteans. A new Messiah
would come forward to lead the people to this goal."
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