CHAPTER SIX
CIVILIZATION - A GIFT OF THE GODS


The Sumerian Secret
Six thousand years ago, Home sapiens underwent an incredible transformation. Man the hunter and man the farmer suddenly became man the city dweller, and within a mere few hundred years he was practicing advanced mathematics, astronomy and metallurgy! The place where these first cities suddenly arose was ancient Mesopotamia, in the fertile plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where the country of Iraq now lies.

 

The civilization was called Sumer, the “birthplace of writing and the wheel”,’ and from its very beginning it bore a striking resemblance to our own civilization and culture today. The highly respected scientific journal National Geographic clearly recognizes the primacy of the Sumerians and the legacy which they left to us. There, in ancient Sumer... urban living and literacy flourished in cities with names such as Ur, Lagash, Eridu and Nippur. Sumerians were early users of wheeled vehicles and were among the first metallurgists, blending metals into alloys, extracting silver from ore, and casting bronze in complex molds.

 

Sumerians were also the first to invent writing. The National Geographic also acknowledges:

“...the legacy of the Sumerians who... established the earliest known society where people could read and write... in all these things - in law and social reform, in literature and architecture, in commercial organization, and in technology - the achievements of the cities of Sumer are the earliest we know about.”

All studies of the Sumerians have stressed the extremely short period within which their high level of culture and technology arose. One author described it as “a flame which blazed up so suddenly”,’ whilst Joseph Campbell eloquently stated,

“With stunning abruptness... there appears in this little Sumerian mud garden..., the whole cultural syndrome that has constituted the germinal unit of the high civilizations of the world.”

Why then is there a widespread lack of public awareness regarding the Sumerians?

 

A clue may lie in the fact that the source of their civilization remains a complete mystery to conventional science. History books are forced to gloss over Sumerian origins by simply referring to their emergence, as if no further explanation is necessary. This treatment is adopted by the highly respected The Times Atlas of World History, which is so embarrassed to admit its ignorance, that it ignores the Sumerians (the most important civilization of all!) and talks instead of the vague “emergence” of a “Mesopotamian” first civilization.’

 

The mystery is summed up by one National Geographic Society publication, which states:

“Much has been written about where the Sumerian people may have originated, but no one knows.”

Nevertheless, many attempts have been made to portray the origin of the Sumerians as an evolution from pre-existing cultures in Mesopotamia. These studies focus on pottery, and demonstrate that the people from Sumer had already lived in the area for thousands of years. However, they have little to offer on the question of why it suddenly became necessary for men to live in organized cities.

 

The best explanations are inevitably vague and floundering:

“More complex societies derived from the increasing organization needed to control the large populations supported by the productive lowland agricultural regimes.”

Such explanations are as contrived as the theories of mankind’s sudden evolution. Whilst the brain is the Achilles heel of the evolutionists’ arguments, so the Sumerians’ technology is the Achilles heel of the historians’ arguments. The scholarly obsession with creating a smooth and gradual cultural development ignores the amazing aspects of Sumerian metallurgy, mathematics and astronomy (inter alia) which all arose in perfect form at the beginning of their civilization.

 

Regarding the origin of that knowledge, it would seem that only the Sumerians themselves can solve the mystery that confounds the scientists. And the Sumerians attributed their success, indeed their very origin, to flesh-and-blood Gods.

No wonder then that the text books are so vague on the origins of Sumer! The paradigm of modern science dictates that any accounts of Gods are classified under mythology. Therefore, faced with only this one, uncomfortable explanation for the origin of the first civilization, it is hardly surprising that the text books are lost for words.

 

This chapter, dealing with the Sumerian mystery, is an appropriate point on which to conclude our round-up of the mysteries of heaven and Earth, and to begin our study of the solution. At a superficial level, Sumer provides scholars with yet another unsolved mystery, but at a detailed level there lie vital clues to explaining the many mysteries and anomalies in the world today. This chapter is the tale of the Sumerians and their Gods.
 


The First Civilization
Sumer was the first of the three “great” civilizations of antiquity, which all arose in the fertile areas of major rivers - Sumer in the plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and the others by the Nile river (c. 3100 BC) and the Indus river (C. 2800 BC) respectively. There was without doubt, a strong Sumerian influence in those other civilizations, for the Sumerians were keen travellers and explorers. For the purpose of this book, it is not necessary to prove that the earliest civilizations on Earth were offshoots from the first civilization of Sumer, but there is ample evidence that this was the case.

The discovery of ancient Sumer is an exciting story, which begins in the nineteenth century - a rich period for archaeology in the ancient Near East. In the once fertile lands of ancient Mesopotamia, huge mounds were all that remained of the world’s earliest cities. For those with the time and money to travel, fame was just tell feet or so underground the only problem was knowing where to dig.

 

Spurred on by Biblical clues, the accounts of earlier travellers and by local folklore, archaeologists such as the Paris-born Englishman Sir Austen Henry Layard indeed found their fame and fortune. It was a Frenchman who made the first important discovery. In 1843, Paul Emile Botta uncovered fantastic temples, palaces and a ziggurat (step-pyramid) at a site identified as Dur-Sharru-Kin, the eighth century BC capital of Sargon II, king of Assyria. Today the site is called Khorsabad. Botta will always be remembered as the discoverer of the Assyrian civilization.

Whilst archaeologists such as Botta and Layard continued to seek and explore new sites such as Nimrud and Nineveh, scholars such as Sir Henry Rawlinson and Jules Oppert began to shed light on the numerous clay tablets which the digs had uncovered. It soon became apparent that the ancient Mesopotamians were diligent record keepers, preserving information in a cuneiform script, inscribed on clay tablets.

 

In 1835, Rawlinson had carefully copied a vital trilingual inscription on a stone slab found at Behistun in Persia; in 1846, he deciphered the script and its languages, one of which was Akkadian, common to the Assyrians and the Babylonians, who had inherited the Near East after the collapse of Sumer c. 2000 BC.

Sir Henry Rawlinson’s timing was fortuitous. A few years later, Sir Austen Henry Layard began to excavate the mounds of the ancient Assyrian capital Nineveh, 250 miles north of modern-day Baghdad. As well as fantastic temples and palaces, he discovered in 1850 the library of Ashurbanipal, containing a collection of 30,000 clay tablets. As more and more tablets were translated, the archaeologists became increasingly excited by the independent confirmation of Biblical rulers and cities.

 

One inscription, listing the achievements of an earlier ruler, Sargon I, claimed that he was the “King of Akkad, King of Kish”, and that he had defeated in battle the cities of “Uruk, Ur and Lagash”. Scholars were amazed to find that this Sargon had preceded his later namesake by nearly two thousand years, taking the Mesopotamian civilization back to at least 2400 BC.

This was just the beginning of a series of tremendous finds which turned back the clock on the beginning of civilization and enriched the museums of Europe and America with some of their prize exhibits. At this time, Sumer did not exist in the history books - it is only with hindsight that we now recognize it as the Biblical “Shinar”.

 

In 1869 Jules Oppert first proposed the prior existence of a “lost” Sumerian language and people. As with all new ideas, it took some time to become fully accepted. Whilst the so-called ‘’Sumerian Question” raged through the latter part of the nineteenth century, the first Sumerian cities began to be excavated and speculation turned to established scientific fact.

The first Sumerian site was discovered by a French excavation team in 1877. It turned out to be the city of Lagash. American archaeologists were also attracted to the Sumerian ruins, and between 1887-1900 they excavated the city of Nippur, one of the most important religious sites. Today, the mounds of Nippur, with its ruined ziggurat. rise more than five storey high and are clearly visible on the main road 93 miles South-east of Baghdad.

 

Further south, the hot and dusty wasteland of Uruk yielded the world’s first ever ziggurat, dedicated to the Goddess Inanna, as well as examples of some of the earliest inscribed writing.

The best preserved ziggurat in the whole of Mesopotamia was found at Ur, the birthplace of the Old Testament patriarch Abraham. The partly restored ruins of that ziggurat (Plate 39) still dominate the landscape today at the modern town of Muqayyar, 186 miles south-east of Baghdad. It was at Ur that the British archaeologist Sir Leonard Woolley discovered exquisite works of gold, silver and lapis lazuli including the “ram in a thicket’’ (Figure 36), the beautiful Queen’s Harp (the oldest harp ever found, dating from 2750 BC) and a splendid head-dress all of which can now be seen at the British Museum.

 

It was at Eridu, however, almost 200 miles south-east of Baghdad that the earliest Sumerian city was found. The city of Eridu is nowadays an abandoned, windswept wilderness, dominated by the ruins of Ur-Nammu’s ziggurat. The city’s ruins spread over an area measuring 1.300 by 1,000 feet.

 

Here, beneath the foundations of its first temple, dedicated to the God Enki, archaeologists found virgin soil, marking the very beginning of civilization on Earth. This temple was dated to 3800 BC, the same time that the world’s first calendar began at Nippur. By the early twentieth century, all but one of the Assyrian cities mentioned in the Old Testament had been found. The city of Babylon, too, had been excavated, although little remained of the ziggurat dedicated to its chief God Marduk.

 

The royal city of Kish was also discovered, along with other important Sumerian sites such as Larsa. Shuruppak, Sippar and Bad-Tibira. The full linkage between Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylon remains a mystery to the historians, but the study of their written scripts has confirmed the primacy of the Sumerians. Many Akkadian texts directly stated that they were copies of earlier originals; one tablet, for example, found in Nineveh by Layard, referred to the “language of Shumer not changed’’.

 

Scholars found that the Akkadian script used a large number of “loan-words” in referring to subjects such as astronomy, science and the Gods.” These loan-words indicated an earlier and fundamentally different writing system, known as “pictographic”, where single signs represented objects or concepts by the use of pictures. It has now been established that the original Sumerian writing system was indeed based on pictographic signs, similar to those later used in Egypt.

After one hundred years of translating the Sumerian texts, scholars have found no loan-words and no indication of any prior writing system. The invention of writing was truly a Sumerian first. Consequently, it is now widely accepted that Sumer was the first advanced civilization on Earth, and the date of its beginning is unanimously agreed to be 3800 BC.
 


Legacy of the Sumerians
The clay tablets uncovered by the archaeologists in ancient Mesopotamia are so numerous that a large number still remain un-translated today. Many deal with the humdrum routine of daily life -marriage and divorce records, school grammar and vocabulary texts, and commercial contracts, the latter dealing with matters such as the recording of crops, the calculation of prices and the movement of goods.

 

Records such as these have given scholars a remarkable insight into Sumerian culture.

 

One of the foremost experts on Sumer is Professor Samuel Noah Kramer, who has travelled the world to study, copy and translate their texts. In his book History begins at Sumer, he listed 39 Sumerian “firsts”. In addition to the first writing system which we have already discussed, his firsts included the first wheel, the first schools, the first bicameral congress, the first historian, the first “farmer’s almanac’’, the first cosmogony and cosmology, the first proverbs and sayings, the first literary debates, the first “Noah”, the first library catalogue, the first money (the silver shekel “weighed ingot”), the first taxation, the first law and social reforms, the first medicine, and the first search for world peace and harmony.

In Sumer we recognize many of the institutions which we cherish (or suffer!) today. The world’s first schools were wide ranging in their subjects and, by all accounts, very strict; flogging was common for pupils who were lazy, untidy or inattentive. The legal system was similar to our own, with laws to protect the employed, the unemployed, the weak and the vulnerable, and a judge and jury system similar to our own today.

 

Evidently, society suffered from many of the same ills as ours, for c. 2600 BC it was necessary for a king named Urukagina to order the first legal reform to prevent the abuse of supervisory power, official status and monopoly position. Urukagina claimed that it was his God Ningirsu who had ordered him to “restore the decrees of former days”.

In the field of medicine, Sumerian standards were extremely high from the very beginning. The library of Ashurbanipal, which Layard discovered in Nineveh, was carefully organized, with a medical section containing thousands of clay tablets. All of the medical terms were based on Sumerian loan-words. Medical procedures were outlined in text books, dealing with hygiene, operations such as the removal of cataracts and the use of alcohol for surgical disinfection.

 

Sumerian medicine was marked by a highly scientific approach of diagnosis and prescription for either therapy or surgery. Sumerian construction was also highly advanced, within the constraints of locally available building materials. From the very beginning in 3800 BC, houses, palaces and temples were constructed of specially strengthened bricks, manufactured by combining wet clay with reeds.

The Sumerians were great travellers and explorers, and are credited with the invention of the world’s first boats. An Akkadian dictionary of Sumerian words was found to contain no less than 105 terms for various types of ship according to their size, destination or cargo. One inscription, unearthed at Lagash, referred to docking facilities for ships and listed the materials which its ruler Gudea had imported to build a temple for his God Ninurta c. 2200 BC.

 

The range of these materials is astonishing, including gold, silver, copper, diorite, carnelian and cedar wood. In some cases these materials were transported more than a thousand miles.

The first kiln is found also in Sumer. The use of a large oven, or kiln: allowed clay products to be fired, giving them extra tensile strength without contamination by dust or ashes. A similar technology was used to extract metals such as copper from its ore by heating the ore above 1,500 degrees Fahrenheit in a closed, oxygen starved furnace.

 

This process, called smelting, became necessary at an early stage, when the supply of naturally occurring copper nuggets had been exhausted. Independent studies of early metallurgy have been surprised and baffled at the speed with which the Sumerians became expert in smelting, refining and casting. These advanced technologies were being used within only a few hundred years of the beginning of the Sumerian civilization.

Even more astounding was the Sumerian development of alloying, a process by which different metals are chemically combined in a furnace. The Sumerians mastered this process to produce the earliest bronze, a hard but malleable metal which changed the course of human history.

 

The alloying of copper with tin was an incredible achievement for three reasons. First, it was necessary to use a very precise mixture of copper and tin (analysis of Sumerian bronze has established an optimum ratio of 85 per cent copper and 15 per cent tin). Secondly, tin was not available in any quantity in Mesopotamia. Thirdly, tin does not occur in a natural state and requires a complicated process to extract it from cassiterite ore.

 

This is not the sort of thing one discovers by accident. The Sumerians used thirty different words to describe different qualities or types of copper, and their word for tin, AN.NA, literally meant “Heavenly Stone”, once again indicating that Sumerian technology was a gift of the Gods.
 


Astronomy and Mathematics
In sharp contrast to the dark days between Ptolemy and Copernicus, the Sumerians clearly understood that the Earth revolved around the Sun and that the planets moved whilst the stars remained fixed. The evidence also suggests that they knew the planets of the Solar System before they were “discovered” in modern times (see chapter 7).

 

Thousands of clay tablets, found at Nineveh, Nippur and other Sumerian sites, have been found to contain hundreds of astronomical terms. Some of these tablets included mathematical formulae and astronomical tables, which enabled the Sumerians to predict solar eclipses, the phases of the Moon and the movements of the planets.

 

Studies of ancient astronomy have demonstrated the remarkable accuracy of these tables (known as ephemeredes). No-one knows how they could have calculated such sophisticated data and we might well ask why they needed it. Several studies have suggested that the ziggurat, the hallmark of Sumerian architecture, may have also served an astronomical purpose. These structures contained a square base with corners perfectly aligned to the four cardinal points of the compass. One scholar has therefore suggested that they were ideal for astronomical observation:

Each stage of the ziggurat provided a higher viewing point and thus a different horizon, adjustable to the geographic location; the line between the east-pointing and west-pointing comers provided the equinoctial orientation; the sides gave solsticial views to either sunrise or sunset, at both summer and winter solstices. The Sumerians measured the rising and setting of the visible planets and the stars against the Earth’s horizon, using the same heliacal system that is used today.

 

We also owe to the Sumerians the division of the heavens into three bands - the northern, central and southern regions (corresponding to the ancient Sumerian “way of Enlil”, “way of Anu” and “way of Ea”). In fact, the whole concept of spherical astronomy, including the 360-degree circle, the zenith, the horizon, the celestial axis, the poles, the ecliptic, the equinoxes etc, all arose suddenly in Sumer.

The Sumerian knowledge of the Sun and the Moon was combined to form the world’s first calendar, a solar-lunar calendar which began in 3760 BC in the city of Nippur.” The Sumerians recorded 12 lunar months amounting to approximately 354 days, and then added 11 extra days to match the solar year. This process, called intercalation, was continued each year, until the solar and lunar calendars realigned themselves after 19 years.

 

The Sumerian calendar was thus carefully constructed to ensure that key days such as New Year’s Day always occurred on the spring equinox, and did not slip back as they do in other calendars. It is difficult to imagine a more complex calendar than that of the Sumerians. and later calendars were indeed much simpler. It is quite improbable that the first calendar, at Nippur, was the most complex and yet there is no doubt whatsoever that this was so. Indeed, the whole subject of Sumerian astronomy is most intriguing, for the simple reason that it was not a necessity for an emerging society.

 

Allied to the Sumerians’ interest in astronomy was the world’s first known mathematical system. This system was highly advanced, and included the “place” concept, whereby a digit could take on a different value depending on its place in the overall number (as “1” can mean 1, 10, 100 and so on). However, unlike our present-day decimal system, the Sumerian system was sexagesimal.

Instead of base 10, it was a quasi base 60 system, which rather strangely alternated by 10, then 6, then 10 and so on. The place-digits thus ascended as follows: 1, 10, 60, 600, 3600, 36,000, 216,000, 2,160,000, 12,960,000.

 

As unwieldy as the Sumerian base 60 system might at first seem, it enabled the Sumerians to divide into fractions and multiply into the millions, to calculate roots or to raise numbers by several powers. In many respects it is superior to the base 10 system which is used today, due to the fact that 60 is divisible by ten integers whereas 100 is only divisible by seven integers.

 

In addition, it is the only perfect system for geometry, and this explains its continued use in modern times - hence the 360 degrees in a circle. Few people realize that we owe not only our geometry but also our modern time-keeping systems to the Sumerian base 60 mathematical system. The origin of 60 minutes in an hour and 60 seconds in a minute is not arbitrary, but designed around a sexagesimal system. Sumerian numerology is similarly evident in the 24 hours in a day, the 12 months in a year, the 12 inches in a foot and the dozen as a unit. Its legacy also appears in modern numbering systems which comprise separate, distinct numbers from 1 to 12, followed by expressions for 10 + 3, 10 + 4, and so on.

We should not be surprised at this point, to learn that the zodiac, too, is another Sumerian first, which later spread to other civilizations. However, the Sumerians did not use the zodiac on a month-to-month basis as we do for horoscopes today. Instead they used it in its astronomical sense, based on the Earth’s wobble, to divide the great precessional cycle of 25,920 years into 12 periods of 2, 160 years. As can be seen from Figure 15b, the Earth’s twelve month journey around the Sun changes the starry backdrop, forming a great 360-degree circle.

 

The zodiac was created by dividing this circle into twelve equal parts (zodiac houses) of 30 degrees. The stars in each house were then grouped into constellations and given a name. The original Sumerian names of each house, paralleling the modern names, have now been found, proving beyond any doubt that the zodiac’s first use was in Sumer.

 

The nature of the zodiac signs (for which the star-pictures are wholly contrived), together with the arbitrary division into twelve, prove beyond any doubt that the identical zodiacs used in other, later, cultures, could not have been independent developments.

Various studies of Sumerian mathematics have pointed out, with some amazement, that the numerals are intimately connected to the precessional cycle. The unusual alternating structure of the Sumerian sexagesimal system throws special emphasis onto the number 12,960,000, which represents exactly 500 great precessional cycles of 25,920 years. The lack of any connotations, other than astronomical, for the multiples of 25,920 and 2,160 can only suggest a deliberate design for astronomical purposes.

 

The uncomfortable question which the scientists have avoided is this: how could the Sumerians, whose civilization only lasted 2,000 years, possibly have observed and recorded a celestial cycle that took 25,920 years to complete? And why did their civilization begin in the middle of a zodiac period?” Is this a clue that their astronomy was a legacy from the Gods?
 


Gods of the Shems
Why was the first civilization on Earth, from its very beginning, so obsessed with a sophisticated study of the heavens? Why did the Sumerians go to such incredible lengths to build ziggurats aligned to the cardinal points of the compass? Why was the role of astronomer and priest combined?

 

Furthermore, why was it so important to divide the Earth’s celestial cycle by the number twelve? It is a number which brings us back to the Sumerians’ central claim: “whatever seems beautiful, we made by the grace of the Gods”. Those Gods, like the Greeks’ Gods millennia later, were organized in a pantheon of twelve. So pervasive is the influence of the Gods in Sumerian culture that one archaeologist was moved to comment that the “Gods bequeathed the Earth to mankind”, whilst Professor Samuel Kramer, one of the greatest authorities on Sumer, observed that:

“With the help of their Gods, especially Enlil, the 'King of Heaven and Earth', the Sumerians transformed a flat, arid windswept land into a blossoming, fertile kingdom.”

Naturally, we are not supposed to take Samuel Kramer’s comment literally. Similar observations are found liberally spread throughout the academic press, presented, almost without exception, under a banner of Sumerian mythology and religious belief. This belief system, like everything else in Sumer, was incredibly detailed and sophisticated. The whole of Sumerian life revolved around the Gods, whom they regarded as flesh-and-blood immortals.

 

Kings were chosen and could assume the throne only with the permission of the Gods. In later times, battles were fought on the Gods’ behest. And the Gods also provided specific instructions to build and rebuild temples in particular locations.

Why did the Sumerians spend thousands of man-years of effort to build and maintain hundreds of temples and ziggurats to their Gods? The official explanation is that they invented their deities as an imaginative psychological response to a hostile, incomprehensible environment. The Sumerian beliefs are thus dismissed as a classic example of mankind’s need for religion.

 

However, such facile solutions leave unexplained the origin of the Sumerians’ sophisticated scientific knowledge. Inventing Gods is one thing, but inventing the technology to measure the movements of the planets and stars is another thing entirely ! If we give due recognition to the “impossible” origin of Sumerian knowledge, as well as to the other mysteries of the world covered in chapters 1-5, a possible solution begins to emerge.

 

Could all of these anomalous technologies have a common source? Can we continue to dismiss the Sumerians’ claim that their civilization was a gift of the Gods? Let us take a closer look at those Sumerian Gods. Whilst the term “Gods” is full of awkward connotations for us, the Sumerians did not suffer from such problems, and referred to them as the AN.UNNA.KI, literally meaning “Those Who from Heaven to Earth Came”.

 

They also described them pictographically as DIN.GIR. What does the term DIN.GIR mean? In 1976, Zecharia Sitchin published a detailed etymological study of this, and other, terms used by the Sumerians and later civilizations to describe the rockets and craft of the Gods.

The pictographic sign for GIR (Figure 16a) is commonly understood to mean a sharp-edged object, but an insight into its true significance can be gleaned from the sign for KA.GIR (Figure 16b) which appears to show the aerodynamically-shaped GIR inside a shaft-like underground chamber. The sign for the first syllable DTN (Figure 16c) makes little sense until it is combined with GIR to form DIN.GIR (Figure 16d).

 

The two syllables. when written together, make a perfect fit, representing, in Sitchin’s words:

“... a picture of a rocket-propelled spaceship, with a landing craft docked into it perfectly - just as the lunar module was docked with Apollo 11.”

As with the Apollo rockets, three sections can be seen in the pictographic sign DIN.GIR - the lowest stage propulsion unit with the main thrust engines, the middle stage containing supplies and equipment and the upper stage command module. The full meaning of DIN.GIR, usually translated “Gods”, is conveyed more fully by Sitchin’s translation as “The Righteous Ones of the Blazing Rockets”.

 

Zecharia Sitchin’s study also identified a second, different type of aerial vehicle. Whilst the GIR appeared to describe the rocket-like craft required for journeys beyond Earth’s atmosphere, another vehicle known as a MU was used to fly within the Earth’s skies. Sitchin pointed out that the original term shu-mu, meaning “that which is a MU”, later became known in the Semitic language as shem (and its variant sham).

 

Drawing on the earlier work of G. Redslob, he pointed out that the terms shem and shamaim (the latter meaning “heaven”) both stemmed from the root word shamah, meaning “that which is highward”. Because the term shem also had the connotation “that by which one is remembered”, it came to be translated as “name”.

 

Thus an unchallenged translation of an inscription on Gudea’s temple reads “its name shall fill the lands”,” whereas it ought to read more literally as “its MU shall hug the lands from horizon to horizon”. Sensing that shem or MU might represent an object, some scholars have left the word untranslated.

The Bible, too, has translated the term shem as “name” and thus disguised the original meaning of the text. A particularly important example of this, as highlighted by Zecharia Sitchin, is the Biblical story of the Tower of Babel. If we substitute the literal meaning of shem as “sky vehicle”, the unintelligible tale in Genesis (the significance of which has always puzzled scholars) begins to take on a new meaning:

Then they said,

“Come let us build ourselves a city with a tower that reaches to the heavens, so that we may make a sky vehicle and not be scattered over the face of the whole Earth.”

The proper meaning of shem also casts new light on another section of Genesis which has always puzzled scholars, and which is highly significant to our study of the Gods. In this example, the traditional translation of shem as “name” is replaced by “renown”, on the basis that if one makes a name for himself, one is renowned.

 

The passage which follows also includes reference to the mysterious Nefilim, a Hebrew word often mistranslated as "Giants” but which actually comes from a root word meaning “Those Who Descended”. The meaning closely parallels the meaning of the Sumerian AN.UN.A.KI “Those Who from Heaven to Earth Came”:

“When men began to Increase in number on the earth and daughters were born to them, the sons of God saw that the daughters of men were beautiful, and they married any of them they chose... The Nefilim were on the earth in those days - and also afterwards when the sons of God went to the daughters of men and had children by them. They were the heroes of old, men of renown.”

The Nefilim, then, were not the men of renown, but “the people of the shem” - the Gods of the sky vehicles. There is one more example of linguistic confusion that I would like to cover, and that concerns the unfortunate association of Gods with heavenly bodies. The association of Gods with the Sun, Moon and visible planets has enabled scholars to dismiss the flesh-and-blood Gods as a set of primitive beliefs. A classic example of this is the confusion which has arisen concerning the worship of a Sun God, both in ancient Egypt and the Near East.

According to Greek legend, Hellos was a Sun God who traversed the skies in a chariot. The Greeks renamed the sacred Egyptian city of Leopolis in his honour, as Heliopolis - the "City of Hellos”. In the Near East, the same name Heliopolis was given by the Greeks to the city of Baalbek.

 

Historians dismiss the ancient belief in these two sacred sites as a primitive form of Hellos/Sun worship. However, let us take a closer look at where the legend of Hellos the Sun God came from. Both Heliopolises were important sites for the Gods, for reasons which will become clear in chapter 8, and both were associated with a God known to the Akkadians as Shamash. Sumerian texts called him UTU, a God who controlled the sites of the shems and the "eagles”.

 

The name Shamash, when spelled Shem-esh, literally means "shem-fire” and is thus often translated as “He Who is Bright as the Sun”. The Sumerian name UTU indeed meant “the Shining One”, whilst Mesopotamian texts described Utu/Shamash as rising and traversing the skies.’” It is not difficult to see how the accounts of these journeys could subsequently be misconstrued as the daily movement of the Sun!
 


Enki and Enlil
It is now time to lift the veil of mythology and identify some of the key members of the Sumerian pantheon of flesh-and-blood Gods. During the last one hundred years, scholars have been fascinated by the rich body of epic literature recovered by the archaeologists in Mesopotamia. That fascination has led to a determined and painstaking effort to piece together texts which are sometimes only recovered in fragments.

 

Original Sumerian texts have been supplemented by later and similar Akkadian versions, allowing the full reconstruction of many ancient tales. What has emerged is a detailed and coherent picture of anthropomorphic Gods with human-like emotions, intimately mixed up in human affairs. Scholars have been left in no doubt that the origin of the Greek tales of Zeus, Olympus and the pantheon of twelve Gods lies in Sumer.

The names, family relationships, powers and duties of the Sumerian Gods have emerged from the archaeological rubble to confront us with a highly detailed picture. Every major Sumerian city was associated with one or sometimes two Gods. A review of these sites provides us with the most important names, to whom the temples were dedicated: to Enki at Eridu, to Anu and Inanna at Uruk, to Nannar at Ur and to Enlil at Nippur.

 

The same names, or their Akkadian equivalents, also crop up again and again in the later Assyrian and Babylonian cities. It is clear that these names bestowed meanings which were based on human perceptions of certain aspects of these Gods, and they thus appeared under different nicknames to reflect different attributes and powers.

The father of the Gods was called AN (or Anu in Akkadian) meaning “Heaven”. His name is preserved today in the Latin-English word “annum”. AN played a remote part in the proceedings, residing in “Heaven” and making only occasional visits to Earth with his spouse Antu. His temple at Ur was called the E.ANNA, the “House of AN”.

 

The Sumerians sometimes called it “The House for Descending from Heaven”. When kingship was first granted to man by the Gods (an antecedent for today’s royal families), it was referred to as the “Anu-ship” Anu had two sons who descended to Earth. Although they were brothers, they sometimes fought as bitter rivals. The firstborn son, Enki, was the first to take command on Earth, only to be displaced on Anu’s orders by the second-born son Enlil.

Ancient depictions of the Gods Enki and Enlil are shown (seated) in Figure 17a and 17b respectively, emphasizing their flesh-and-blood nature and humanlike appearance. The brotherly rivalry hinged on the Gods’ legal rules of succession, which were determined by genetic purity. Enlil, the offspring of Anu and his half-sister, thus preserved the father’s genes through the male line far better than Enki.

This practice, of marrying half-sisters, seems rather incestuous to us today, but it was not always so. For example, it was also a common practice by the royal families in Egypt, whilst in the Bible, Abraham, too, boasted that his wife was also his sister. The origin of this practice undoubtedly lies in the realm of the Gods, and I will explain the scientific basis behind it in a later chapter.

The name EN.LIL is usually translated “Lord of the Wind”, especially by those scholars who wish to belittle the Sumerian beliefs as mythology. A more literal rendering, however, is “Lord of the Command”, a suitable name for one who became the principal God on Earth and carried the authority to bestow kingship to man.

 

Enlil’s city was Nippur, at which a magnificent E.KUR, a “House like a Mountain”, was built, and fitted with mysterious equipment that could survey the heavens and Earth. Its five-storey ruins can still be seen today, one hundred miles south of Baghdad. His brother EN.KII meaning “Lord of Earth” was also known as E.A, “He Whose House is Water”.

 

His city was Eridu, on the waterfront where the Tigris and Euphrates meet the head of the Persian Gulf. He was the master engineer and chief scientist of the Gods, and mankind’s greatest benefactor. He often defended man in the council of the Gods, and saved Noah and his family from the great Flood.

 

Why was Enki so friendly towards mankind? According to the Sumerians, it was Enki who played an instrumental role in man’s creation. Although regarded by scholars as myth, the Sumerians firmly believed that the Gods had created man as a worker. The ancient texts describe a rebellion of the rank-and-file Gods in protest at their heavy workload (the exact nature of this work will be discussed in chapter 14).

 

Enki then settled the dispute by offering to create a primitive worker and “bind upon it the image of the Gods” so that it was intelligent enough to use tools and follow instructions. Enki was assisted in the creation of man by his half-sister NIN.HAR.SAG, meaning “Lady of the Head Mountain”. She was the chief nurse in charge of the Gods’ medical facilities, and hence one of her nicknames was NIN.TI, “Lady Life”.

 

Together, she and Enki carried out genetic experiments, with varying degrees of success. The texts relate that Ninharsag was responsible for a man who could not hold back his urine, a woman who could not bear children and another being with no sexual organs. Enki also had his failures, including one man with failing eyesight, trembling hands, a diseased liver and a weak heart!

 

Given our own twentieth century decoding of the human genome, we can understand the excitement and power felt by Ninharsag, who in one text exclaimed:

“How good or how bad is man’s body? As my heart prompts me I can make its fate good or bad.”

Finally the perfect man was created. Ninharsag cried out "I have created! My hands have done it!”. One text states quite explicitly that Ninharsag gave the new creation “a skin as the skin of a God”.

 

Having perfected the ideal man with a larger brain, enhanced digit ability and smooth skin, it was a simple next step to use cloning - now an established scientific process - to produce an army of primitive workers. This fantastic event was commemorated for all time by Ninharsag’s symbol - the horseshoe-shaped cutter of the umbilical cord, an instrument that was used by midwives in ancient times.

 

She also became known as the Mother Goddess, and became associated with numerous primitive religious cults throughout the ancient world. Archaeologists have long been puzzled by the sacred representation of the pregnant female form by the earliest societies. In the first chapter, I described the meaning of terms such as “clay/dust”, “rib” and the newly created being which the Sumerians called LU.LU - a term which literally meant “one who has been mixed”.

 

In the light of the fundamental contradictions of mankind’s evolution, covered in chapter 2, the Sumerian account takes on a tremendous significance. Did Enki bind the image (the genetic blueprint) of the Gods upon the lowly Home erectus, which suddenly experienced the incredible evolutionary leap to Home sapiens 200,000 years ago? A very detailed study of the ancient texts suggests that this was, indeed, exactly what happened.
 


WARS OF THE GodS
The name Sumer was literally written as KI.EN.GTR, meaning “the Land of the Lords of the Rockets”, but it also had the connotation “Land of the Watchers”, the latter term virtually identical to the term neter (ntr) by which the Egyptians referred to their Gods. These terms clearly indicate the role of the Gods as Guardians or Lords over mankind.

 

Scholars have tended to study the Sumerian and Egyptian civilizations as independent subjects, but as we shall see, the prehistory of mankind knew no such boundaries. One of the best known and fascinating Egyptian legends is that of Osiris and Isis. Although generally regarded as myth, mainstream scholars have occasionally suggested that it might be based on historical events.

 

According to Manetho, an Egyptian priest cum historian from the third century BC, the God Osiris and his sister-wife Isis were rulers over the land of northern Egypt more than six thousand years before human civilization began. As we shall see, the tragic tale of Osiris sheds considerable light on a key event in mankind’s prehistory. The tragic tale begins with Osiris being tricked by his own brother Seth into lying in a large chest, which Seth then seals and throws into the sea. Isis, overcome by grief, goes in search of her missing husband.

 

She is informed by a divine “wind” that the chest has been blown ashore at Byblos in Lebanon. Whilst she is waiting for the help of the God Thoth to resurrect the body, Seth appears again, dismembers the body into fourteen pieces and scatters them all over Egypt. Once again Isis goes in search of her husband and manages to find all of the body parts except his phallus.

 

Some legends say that Isis then buried the parts where she found them, others that she bound them together, thus starting the tradition of mummification. The tale continues with what appears to be an account of cloning, as Isis extracts the “essence” from the body of Osiris and uses it to impregnate herself. She then secretly gives birth to the child Horus, who grows up and returns to avenge the death of his father.

The ensuing tale of Horus and the winged disc with which he gives battle to Seth is yet another fascinating account of ancient technology which deserves further study. The battle ends with the defeat and exile of Seth, a God who was thereafter associated with chaos. Prior to 1976, the Egyptian and Mesopotamian accounts had been studied separately and largely from a mythological perspective.

 

Then one scholar, Zecharia Sitchin, taking the translations at face value, linked the accounts together into a consistent and credible sequence of events. In so doing, he turned Egyptian mythology into the earliest period of human history, and showed how the Horus/Seth conflict led to a ferocious war between the rival factions of Enlilite and Enkiite Gods. Why was there such hatred between the brothers Osiris and Seth?

 

Applying the same rules of succession found in the Sumerian tales, Sitchin demonstrated that by marrying Isis, Osiris effectively prevented his rival Seth from producing an heir from the same half-sister. Until that time, the rivalry between Osiris and Seth had been solved by splitting the land of Egypt between them. Now Osiris had ensured that it would be a son of his, not Seth’s, that would assume the future rule of the whole of Egypt.

Why should the defeat of Seth by the avenger, Horus, lead to a full scale war between the Egyptian Gods and the eastern Gods of Mesopotamia? The key to understanding the conflict lies in the division of lands and strategic sites between the two divine brothers Enlil and Enki. After the Flood - for the Sumerians recognized it as a genuine historic event - the texts state that the Earth was divided into four regions - a neutral zone of the Gods on the Sinai peninsula, entrusted to the mother Goddess Ninharsag; the African lands under the supervision of the Enkiite Gods; and the lands of Asia, particularly Mesopotamia and the Levant, under the supervision of the Enlilite Gods.

 

As Zecharia Sitchin has shown, this division of lands accords with the legend that a great God named Ptah arrived in Egypt from overseas and undertook reclamation works, to raise the land above the waters. It was on this account that the ancient Egyptians named their country the “Raised Land”. All of the evidence suggests, with little doubt, that this God was Enki.

It is important to note that the descendants of Noah’s son Ham were assigned to the African lands of the Enkiite Gods, whilst the lands of the Near East and northern Asia were given to Noah’s other two sons, Shem and Japheth respectively. It has been suggested by Zecharia Sitchin that the mysterious cursing of Noah’s grandson Canaan (the son of Ham) in Genesis 9 is connected with this division of lands..

 

Scholars have been mystified by the Biblical story which, whilst unintelligible, clearly appears to be of major importance. As one commentator notes, Genesis 9 “refers to some abominable deed in which Canaan seems to have been implicated. Citing the ex-biblical Book of Jubilees, Sitchin suggests that Canaan’s abominable deed was to have strayed from the lands which had been preordained for him:

“Canaan saw the land of Lebanon, to the river of Egypt, that it was very good... He went not into the land of his inheritance to the west of the sea; he dwelt in the land of Lebanon, eastward and westward of the Jordan.”

How could Canaan have so easily defied the instructions of the Gods that assigned the African lands to the Hamitic people? As Sitchin points out, his action would surely not have been possible without the connivance of one or other major deity. It is therefore a strong possibility that Canaan’s abominable deed coincided with the occupation of Lebanon by the God Seth and his supporters, fleeing from the battle with Horus.

 

In Zecharia Sitchin’s view, it was this illegal occupation of Enlilite land that led to a full-scale war in which the Enlilites drove the Enkiite Gods out of Canaan. The war is described in numerous Sumerian, Akkadian and Assyrian texts, which scholars collectively refer to as the “Myths of Kur”.

 

It is also alluded to in Egyptian ritual texts, one of which refers to “Seth the rebellious on that day of the storm over the Two Lands”. However, far from being myths, these tales represent a genuine account of one of the crucial events in the history of man, who was called up for the first time to fight for his Gods.

The hero of the Enlilite clan was the God Ninurta, the firstborn son of Enlil, who led the battle in a “Storm Bird” with powerful weapons. Assisted by his brother Ishkur and his niece Inanna, he routed the enemy forces, which were led by the “Great Serpent”. The texts describe a campaign which may have escalated far beyond its original objectives, with a merciless extermination of human armies deep inside African territories.

 

The final scene of the battle was the E.KUR, the “House Like A Mountain”, to which the Enkiite Gods had fled, led by Enki, Ra and Nergal (and later joined by Horus). Although they were safe behind the Ekur’s powerful protective shield, the Enkiite Gods were effectively under siege, trapped with little food and water.

 

Why did one group of Gods launch such a bitter and bloody war against their fellow Gods? First, we should note the deep antagonism which divided the descendants of Enlil and Enki. As discussed earlier, the firstborn son Enki was extremely jealous of his brother Enlil, who was the legal heir to Anu.

 

It should be recalled that, when the Gods had first settled on Earth, aeons before kingship and civilization were granted to mankind in Sumer, Enki had been displaced by Enlil, and we know from the Atra-Hasis epic that he was sent to a region known as “the Abzu”. As we shall see in a later chapter, the term Abzu denoted the African lands, including Egypt. Enki was therefore resentful of his demoted status and relegation to the African lands.

The second major factor behind the war was the significance of the lands which were being occupied by Seth. As we shall see in chapter 8, these lands were of strategic importance to the Gods who were planning to construct new facilities for their shem, and eagles, to replace the sites destroyed by the great Flood. The planned locations for these new facilities included the future site of the city of Jerusalem, together with the Sinai peninsula.

 

The eventual outcome of the war was a humiliating surrender and one-sided peace conference. which was to have far-reaching repercussions. As for the fate of Canaan and his clan, the Old Testament records that, instead of being moved to their designated lands, they were allowed to stay in the Middle East with a lower status, as servants to the Shemitic people whilst the lands of Japheth were to be extended.
 


Inanna - Goddess of Love and War
One of the most significant deities of the Near East pantheons was a Goddess whom the Sumerians knew as IN.ANNA (meaning “Anu’s Beloved”). Her promiscuous exploits were a favourite subject of the ancient scribes, and her physical attributes were extremely popular with the ancient artists! Hundreds of texts have been found dealing with Inanna’s love affairs, one of the best known examples being The Epic of Gilgamesh.

 

As the archetypal Goddess of love, she was known to all of the ancient civilizations under a variety of different names. To the Assyrians and Babylonians she was known as Ishtar, to the Canaanites as Ashtoreth, to the Greeks as Aphrodite and to the Romans as Venus. According to the Sumerian texts, she was the daughter of Nannar, the grand-daughter of Enlil and the great-granddaughter of Anu. She was also known by many other nicknames, such as IR.NI.NI “The Strong Sweet-smelling Lady”.

 

Inanna’s sexual passions were rivalled only by her prowess on the battlefield, hence she became known as the archetypal Goddess of war, as well as the Goddess of love. In many ways these two qualities went hand-in-hand. Her tale, unfolded by Zecharia Sitchin in The Wars of Gods and Men, is a tragic one, beginning with her marriage to Dumuzi, a son of Enki.

 

Whether this was a true love match, or an attempt by Inanna to gain power in the rival Enkiite lands, we cannot be certain. But in those early days, her power in Enlilite country was certainly blocked by male domination.

 

One does not need to be a feminist to sense her frustrated ambitions; her grandfather Enlil had overall command; her brother Utu was in charge of the key site at Jerusalem; her father Nannar was in charge of Sinai and her uncle ISH.KUR (meaning “FarMountain Land”) had always been ultimately responsible for the important site at Baalbek.

Her own power-base in Sumer was limited to the city of Uruk, which at that time carried very little status.

Shortly after her marriage to Dumuzi, Inanna incited him to beget an heir through the usual custom of his half-sister, Geshtinanna, an act almost certainly motivated by the Gods’ rules of heredity. When his sister refused, Dumuzi, in the heat of the moment, raped her, a serious offence, even for the Gods with their at times rather liberal code of conduct. Ra, the elder brother of Dumuzi, and ill disposed towards his relationship with the rival Goddess Inanna, then ordered his arrest.

 

The dramatic capture, escape and unfortunate death of Dumuzi are dealt with in the Sumerian text known as His Heart Was Filled With Tears. The ensuing trip by Inanna to Africa (the Lower World) is one of the most famous of all Sumerian texts, and was dutifully copied by the ancient scribes. Figure 18 shows a tablet from the Akkadian version.

 

The death of Dumuzi, combined with the position of Africa in the Lower World (southern hemisphere), have naturally led to Inanna’s “descent” being viewed as a mythological tale of a trip to the underworld or realm of the dead. This view has been reinforced by legends that it was a place from which men did not return, but in the case of Inanna, it was very much a land of the living from which she did return.

The furious Inanna blamed Ra for her husband’s death and sought her revenge. We know from one text that Ra took refuge inside a “Mountain” described as E.BIH “The Abode of Sorrowful Calling”. Another text describes it as the same E.KUR in which the Enkiite Gods had been besieged by Ninurta. Zecharia Sitchin once again lifts the veil of myth to describe a historic event - the ensuing trial of Ra, his imprisonment inside the Ekur without food or water, and his subsequent escape.

 

There is little doubt that Inanna was left bitter and frustrated by the death of Dumuzi and the blocking of her ambitions in Africa. Her consolation prize, as suggested by Sitchin, was to be given control over a new civilization, in the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan).

 

This mysterious civilization first emerged at various sites c. 2800 BC and was in full bloom by 2500 BC. The striking feature of this culture, known as Harappan, was its homogeneity in all aspects of life, such as building, pottery and religious belief. Its principal cities, Harappa and Mohenjodaro, were laid out in a manner that has led archaeologists to think that they “were conceived in their entirety before they were built”.

 

Significantly, the Harappan religious beliefs were very different from the Sumerians and Egyptians who worshipped many Gods. In contrast, the Harappans worshipped a sole female deity (Figure 19), whose depictions bore an amazing similarity to other images of the Goddess Inanna.

However, Inanna was soon to grow bored with her new responsibilities, and she then turned her attention back to Sumer. During a visit to Enki at his home in the Abzu, Inanna got him drunk and tricked him into giving her certain divine objects known as “ME’s”. Exactly what these objects were is unknown, but they bestowed great knowledge and power on Inanna.

 

Whilst her Harappan civilization was busy repairing the damage from recurring floods, her Sumerian city Uruk suddenly became very powerful and Inanna herself became a major deity. It was then, according to the ancient texts, that Inanna found the man who was to be the instrument of her ambitions, the man who established the city of Agade and subsequently founded the Akkadian empire.

 

The man’s name was Sargon the Great, and the archaeological date c. 2400 BC. The era of Inanna was about to begin, and in both love and war, she was’ to become more dangerous than ever before.
 


Is Sumer Atlantis?
What are we to make of the Sumerian civilization and their astonishing accounts of the Gods? Sumer is unable to impress us like the Egyptian pyramids - its ancient ziggurats are barely recognizable mounds - but the legacy of Sumerian technology reaches out and touches us continuously. Every time we check our watch, we should think of the Sumerian base 60 mathematics and its close connection with Sumerian astronomy.

 

Whenever we drive our cars, we should remember the first Sumerian wheel. In all our established institutions, we should recognize the Sumerian legacy. Those thousands of tiny Sumerian clay tablets, which are quietly tucked away in our museums, speak far more lucidly than the hieroglyphics on public display in Egypt.

 

The story they tell is powerful and compelling, offering solutions even to the mystery of mankind himself. Let us examine some facts.

  • First of all, it is an archaeological fact that the Sumerian civilization began suddenly nearly six thousand years ago.

  • Secondly, it is a fact that the Sumerians had an unbelievable level of scientific knowledge, that did not appear to pass through any evolutionary period (who for instance could have observed and understood the 25,920-year precessional cycle?).

  • Thirdly, the Sumerians explained everything in the context of their Gods.

  • Fourthly, the Sumerian tales of flesh-and-blood Gods are echoed by the Hebrew tales of Yahweh and the Egyptian tales of Ra, not to mention the so-called myths from South America and the rest of the world.

Now let us examine some options: either the Sumerians were telling the truth, or they were lying.

 

If the Sumerians were lying (or at least being rather imaginative), then we still have to explain where they acquired their technology. If their teachers were not “extraterrestrials’’ then they were terrestrials. The latter implies a prior civilization, perhaps the popular idea of a lost civilization of Atlantis, which taught itself over tens of thousands of years and then was destroyed in a cataclysm. We have a simple choice - Gods or Atlanteans!

Here is some simple armchair reasoning.

  • First, if the Sumerians were taught by Atlanteans, where did the Atlanteans come from? We still need to answer the mystery of Homo sapiens, which the Sumerians do so well.

  • Secondly, there is no direct evidence of Atlantis - only plenty of speculation and a myth handed down by the Greek philosopher Plato. The Atlantis “evidence”, based on an oral tradition dating to around 350 BC, is infinitely less impressive than the Sumerians’ textual evidence which has been lying undisturbed since 2000 BC.

  • Thirdly, if we were to find an Atlantean site underneath the sea, we might well find texts showing that they too worshipped flesh-and-blood Gods by the names of Anu, Enlil and Enki.

In previous chapters, we have studied many examples of ancient technology - in ancient maps, in the pyramids, in various other sites and their astronomical alignments. This same ground is covered by supporters of the Atlantis theory - the theory that everything can be explained by a lost civilization. But at this point, chapter 6, we must part company with the supporters of Atlantis, for it is the intention of this book to deal in hard evidence, not unsubstantiated myth, rumor or speculation.

Putting armchair reasoning to one side, how can we adopt a scientific approach to corroborating the Sumerian accounts of the Gods?

 

As the famous Carl Sagan once said:

“A completely convincing demonstration of past contact with an extraterrestrial civilization will always be difficult to prove on textual grounds alone”

The following chapters will therefore concentrate on physical evidence which corroborates the Sumerian texts. There are several crucial questions which we need to ask.

  • The first question is “where did the Gods come from?”. This crucial matter is addressed as a priority in chapter 7.

  • The second question is “what physical proof backs up the Sumerian accounts of the Gods’ presence on Earth?”. This will be addressed in chapters 8 to 10.

  • The third question is “what was the purpose of the Gods?”. This is covered in chapter 14.

  • The fourth, and most vexing, question concerns the alleged immortality of the Gods.

The feasibility of very slow ageing, giving the appearance of immortality, is examined in chapters 12 and 13, based on the latest discoveries from genetic science. Finally, in order to establish the role of flesh-and-blood Gods in human history, we must satisfy the basic need for a chronology that will link all events together in a form that can survive the most rigorous of examinations. The basis for such a chronology is set out in chapter 11 and further developed in chapter 13.

If we can answer all of the above questions successfully, then we can put aside the red-herring of Atlantis, and focus on the only remaining question of “where are the Gods now?”.

 

That question is taken up in chapters 15 and 16.
 


Chapter Six Conclusions

  • The Sumerians possessed advanced knowledge of metallurgy and astronomy, the latter including the Earth’s 25,920year precessional cycle.

  • Scientists cannot explain how the Sumerian civilization began so suddenly, nor how they acquired their amazing technology. The Sumerians called it “a gift of the Gods”.

  • The origin of ancient technology can only be explained by a sophisticated race of “Gods” or a lost civilization such as “Atlantis”. However, it seems likely that the Atlantis legend is simply a sub-set of the greater mystery of Sumer and its Gods.

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